We give a short, self-contained, and easily verifiable proof that determining the outerthickness of a general graph is NP-hard. This resolves a long-standing open problem on the computational complexity of outerthickness.
Moreover, our hardness result applies to a more general covering problem $P_F$, defined as follows. Fix a proper graph class $F$ whose membership is decidable. Given an undirected simple graph $G$ and an integer $k$, the task is to cover the edge set $E(G)$ by at most $k$ subsets $E_1,\ldots,E_k$ such that each subgraph $(V(G),E_i)$ belongs to $F$. Note that if $F$ is monotone (in particular, when $F$ is the class of all outerplanar graphs), any such cover can be converted into an edge partition by deleting overlaps; hence, in this case, covering and partitioning are equivalent.
Our result shows that for every proper graph class $F$ whose membership is decidable and that satisfies all of the following conditions: (a) $F$ is closed under topological minors, (b) $F$ is closed under $1$-sums, and (c) $F$ contains a cycle of length $3$, the problem $P_F$ is NP-hard for every fixed integer $k\ge 3$. In particular:
For $F$ equal to the class of all outerplanar graphs, our result settles the long-standing open problem on the complexity of determining outerthickness.
For $F$ equal to the class of all planar graphs, our result complements Mansfield's NP-hardness result for the thickness, which applies only to the case $k=2$.
It is also worth noting that each of the three conditions above is necessary. If $F$ is the class of all eulerian graphs, then cond. (a) fails. If $F$ is the class of all pseudoforests, then cond. (b) fails. If $F$ is the class of all forests, then cond. (c) fails. For each of these three classes $F$, the problem $P_F$ is solvable in polynomial time for every fixed integer $k\ge 3$, showing that none of the three conditions can be dropped.
On the complexity of deciding whether the regular number is at most two
图G的正则数记为reg（G），它是图G的边集所能划分的最小子集数，使得每个子集所导出的子图都是正则的。在这项工作中，我们回答的问题作为一个开放的问题在A。Ganesan et al.（2012）[3]关于确定图的正则数的复杂性。证明了连通二部图的正则数的计算是NP-困难的。此外，我们还证明了，对于给定的连通3-可着色图G，判定reg（G）= 2是NP-完全的.此外，我们证明了一个新的变种的单调不全相等的3-Sat问题是NP-完全的。
