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arXiv 2602.07592astro-ph.GAastro-ph.SR
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星系喷流的性质:宇宙正午时低质量星系中由恒星burst驱动的喷流特性:基于流体动力学模拟的洞察

Properties of Galactic Outflows Driven by Starburst at Cosmic Noon: Insights from Hydrodynamical Simulations

School of Physics and Astronomy, Sun Yat-Sen University(中山大学物理与天文学院);CSST Science Center for the Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macau Greater Bay Area(粤港澳大湾区空间科学中心)

Huan Chen, Weishan Zhu, Xue-Fu Li, Tian-Rui Wang, Antonios Katsianis, Long-Long Feng

AI总结:

研究宇宙正午低质量星系中恒星burst驱动的喷流特性,通过高分辨率模拟发现喷流性质受多种因素影响,质量加载因子与恒星质量及形成率相关,揭示观测与模拟间差异可能源于测量方法不一致。

摘要:

我们利用基于能够重现M82多相喷流的框架的高分辨率三维流体动力学模拟,研究宇宙正午时低质量星系(9.0 < log(M*/M_⊙) < 10.0)中由恒星burst驱动的星系喷流。模拟产生了持续20-30 Myr的恒星burst,峰值恒星形成率在2-68 M_⊙ yr⁻¹之间。喷流特性强烈依赖于时间、到星系中心的径向距离、恒星质量以及气体分数,表现出速度为50-1000 km s⁻¹,质量喷流速率在0.3-20 M_⊙ yr⁻¹之间,质量加载因子η_M为0.24-6.26。冷相(8000 < T ≤ 2 × 10⁴ K)主导喷流,冷相和暖相的性质与观测结果基本一致。在M*=10⁹.⁵ M_⊙时,总、冷、暖相的平均η_M分别为约1.2、0.75和0.25。质量加载因子随星系恒星质量增加而减小,但随恒星形成率增加而增加。鉴于强烈的时空演变,有限样本的缩放斜率应谨慎对待。我们的总η_M值比FIRE-2高0.06 dex,但比EAGLE和TNG50低0.50和0.84 dex。考虑喷流测量方法学差异后,这些差距缩小到0.2-0.4 dex,表明文献中报告的观测与模拟之间部分差异可能源于不一致的定义和测量方法,尽管各个相别的差异仍然存在。需要更大的观测和模拟样本,以及一致的喷流性质测量方法,才能得出关于星系喷流缩放关系的稳健结论。

英文摘要:

We investigate starburst-driven galactic outflows in low-mass galaxies ($9.0 < \log(M_*/M_\odot) < 10.0$) at cosmic noon using high-resolution 3D hydrodynamical simulations based on a framework that can reproduce the multiphase outflows in M82. The simulations produce starbursts lasting 20-30 Myr, with peak star formation rates of 2-68 M$_\odot \,\rm{yr}^{-1}$. Outflow properties vary strongly with time, radial distance to galaxy center, stellar mass, and gas fraction, exhibiting velocities of 50-1000 $\,\rm{km\,s}^{-1}$, mass outflow rates of 0.3-20 M$_\odot \,\rm{yr}^{-1}$, and mass loading factors, $η_\mathrm{M}$, of 0.24-6.26. The cool phase ($8000 < T \le 2 \times 10^4$ K) dominates the outflow, and properties of the cool and warm phases are broadly consistent with observations. At $M_*= 10^{9.5}\,M_\odot$, average $η_\mathrm{M}$ for the total, cool, and warm phases are $\sim$1.2, 0.75, and 0.25, respectively. The mass loading factor decreases with increasing galaxy stellar mass, but increases with star formation rate. Given strong temporal and spatial evolution, scaling slopes from limited samples should be treated with caution. Our total $η_\mathrm{M}$ values are higher than FIRE-2 by 0.06 dex but lower than EAGLE and TNG50 by 0.50 and 0.84 dex. Accounting for methodological differences in outflow measurement reduces these gaps to 0.2-0.4 dex, suggesting that part of the discrepancy between observations and simulations reported in the literature may arise from inconsistent definitions and measurement methods, though differences in individual phases persist. Larger observational and simulation samples, together with consistent methods for measuring outflow properties, are required to draw robust conclusions about the scaling relations of galactic outflows.

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