AGN versus Star-formation: A MUSE Analysis of NGC 1365
NASA Goddard Space Flight Center（美国宇航局戈达德太空飞行中心）；Southeastern Universities Research Association (SURA)（东南大学研究协会）；Center for Research and Exploration in Space Science and Technology, NASA/GSFC（NASA/戈达德太空飞行中心空间科学与技术研究与探索中心）；Center for Space Science and Technology, University of Maryland, Baltimore County（马里兰大学巴尔的摩县分校空间科学与技术中心）；Oak Ridge Associated Universities（橡树岭联合大学）；George Mason University（乔治梅森大学）
Kyla Mullaney, Kelly E. Whalen, Jenna Cann, Kimberly Weaver, Jeffrey McKaig, Sara Doan
活动星系核（AGN）和恒星形成反馈可能通过加热和去除气体的过程来抑制正在进行的恒星形成并塑造星系的演化。这些过程的潜在影响可以在星系中AGN和恒星形成活动的复杂且相互关联的特征中体现出来。在这里，我们分析了近邻塞弗特星系NGC 1365的存档积分光谱单元（IFU）数据，该数据由Very Large Telescope（VLT）上的Multi Unit Spectroscopic Explorer（MUSE）仪器观测获得。我们的分析探测了NGC 1365在高空间分辨率下的离子化和运动学特性，覆盖了前所未有的大物理尺度（约40 kpc），使我们能够追踪反馈在整个几乎整个星系中的影响。我们利用这些光学IFU数据与詹姆斯·韦伯空间望远镜（JWST）和钱德拉X射线天文台的观测数据，分析并比较发射线通量、离子化状态、恒星形成和气体运动学的图谱。通过这样做，我们识别出一个BPT鉴定出的异常高离子化区域，相对于周围的恒星形成臂区域，我们努力确定其来源，发现激波加热可能起着重要作用。此次分析的结果使我们能够对AGN和恒星形成过程对NGC 1365中恒星形成气体的相对影响进行约束，并开始了解反馈在整体星系群体中的全球影响。
英文摘要：
Active galactic nuclei (AGN) and star formation feedback may heat and remove gas from galaxies in a process that quenches ongoing star formation and shapes the evolution of galaxies. Potential impacts from these processes can be seen in the complex and interconnected signatures of AGN and star formation activity throughout a galaxy. Here, we analyze archival integral field unit (IFU) data for the nearby Seyfert galaxy, NGC 1365, as observed with the Multi Unit Spectroscopic Explorer (MUSE) instrument on the Very Large Telescope (VLT). Our analysis probes the ionization and kinematic properties of NGC 1365 at high spatial resolution over unprecedentedly large physical scales (approximately 40 kpc), allowing us to trace the effects of feedback throughout nearly an entire galaxy. We use these optical IFU data in conjunction with observations from the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) and Chandra X-ray Observatory to analyze and compare maps of emission line flux, ionization state, star formation, and gas kinematics. In doing so, we identify a region of BPT-identified unexpectedly high ionization relative to surrounding areas in the star forming arms, and work to identify its source, finding that shock heating may play a significant role. Results from this analysis allow us to place constraints on the relative impact of AGN and star formation processes on the star forming gas in NGC 1365, as well as begin to inform our understanding on the global impacts of feedback in galaxy populations as a whole.
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[abridged] The polar disk galaxy NGC4650A was observed during the commissioning of the MUSE at the ESO VLT to obtain the first 2D map of the velocity and velocity dispersion for both stars and gas. The new MUSE data allow the analysis of the structure and kinematics towards the central regions of NGC4650A, where the two components co-exist. These regions were unexplored by the previous long-slit literature data available for this galaxy. The extended view of NGC~4650A given by the MUSE data is a galaxy made of two perpendicular disks that remain distinct and drive the kinematics right into the…
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Studies of the kinematics of NGC 1407 have revealed complex kinematical structure, consisting of the outer galaxy, an embedded disc within a radius of $\sim60$ arcsec, and a kinematically decoupled core (KDC) with a radius of less than 30arcsec. However, the size of the KDC and the amplitude of the kinematic misalignment it induces have not yet been determined. In this paper, we explore the properties of the KDC using observations from the MUSE Integral Field Spectrograph to map out the kinematics in the central arcminute of NGC 1407. Velocity and kinemetry maps of the galaxy reveal a twist of…
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A galaxy-galaxy merger and the subsequent triggering of starburst activity are fundamental processes linked to the morphological transformation of galaxies and the evolution of star formation across the history of the Universe. Both nuclear and disk-wide starbursts are assumed to occur during the merger process. However, quantifying both nuclear and disk-wide star formation activity is non-trivial because the nuclear starburst is dusty in the most active merging starburst galaxies. This paper presents a new approach to this problem: combining hydrogen recombination lines in optical, millimeter…
NGC 7469 is a well known Luminous IR Galaxy, with a circumnuclear star formation ring ($\sim 830$ pc radius) surrounding a Seyfert 1 AGN. Nuclear unresolved winds were previously detected in X-rays and UV, as well as an extended biconical outflow in IR coronal lines. We search for extended outflows by measuring the kinematics of the $\mathrm{Hβ}$ and [O III] $λ5007$ optical emission lines, in data of the VLT/MUSE integral field spectrograph. We find evidence of two outflow kinematic regimes: one slower regime extending across most of the star formation ring -- possibly driven by the massive st…
We present results from MUSE observations of the nearly face-on disk galaxy NGC 7742. This galaxy hosts a spectacular nuclear ring of enhanced star formation, which is unusual in that it is hosted by a non-barred galaxy, and also because this star formation is most likely fuelled by externally accreted gas that counter-rotates with respect to its main stellar body. We use the MUSE data to derive the star-formation history (SFH) and accurately measure the stellar and ionized-gas kinematics of NGC7742 in its nuclear, bulge, ring, and disk regions. We map the previously known gas counter-rotation…
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Distance uncertainties plague our understanding of the physical scales relevant to the physics of star formation in extragalactic studies. The planetary nebulae luminosity function (PNLF) is one of very few techniques that can provide distance estimates to within ~10%, however it requires a planetary nebula (PN) sample that is uncontaminated by other ionizing sources. We employ optical IFU spectroscopy using MUSE on the VLT to measure [OIII] line fluxes for sources unresolved on 50 pc scales within the central star-forming galaxy disk of NGC 628. We use diagnostic line ratios to identify 62 PN…
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We present a study of the HII regions in the galaxy NGC 6754 from a two pointing mosaic comprising 197,637 individual spectra, using Integral Field Spectrocopy (IFS) recently acquired with the MUSE instrument during its Science Verification program. The data cover the entire galaxy out to ~2 effective radii (re ), sampling its morphological structures with unprecedented spatial resolution for a wide-field IFU. A complete census of the H ii regions limited by the atmospheric seeing conditions was derived, comprising 396 individual ionized sources. This is one of the largest and most complete ca…
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We present surface photometry and stellar kinematics of NGC 4264, a barred lenticular galaxy in the region of the Virgo Cluster undergoing a tidal interaction with one of its neighbours, NGC 4261. We measured the bar radius (a_bar=3.2 +/-0.5 kpc) and strength (S_bar=0.31+/-0.04) of NGC 4264 from Sloan Digital Sky Survey imaging and its bar pattern speed (Omega_bar=71+/-4 km/s/kpc) using the Tremaine-Weinberg method with stellar-absorption integral-field spectroscopy performed with the Multi Unit Spectroscopic Explorer at the Very Large Telescope. We derived the circular velocity (V_circ=189+/-…
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Massive early-type galaxies are believed to be the end result of an extended mass accretion history. The stars formed in situ very early on in the initial phase of the assembly might have originated from an extremely intense star formation burst, and may still be found within the cores of such galaxies today. We investigate the presence of a surviving high-$z$ compact progenitor component in the brightest galaxy of the Hydra I cluster, NGC 3311, by mapping its 2D kinematics and stellar population out to 2 effective radii, combining MUSE observations, extended EMILES models, and a newly develop…
Early-type galaxies show a strong size evolution with redshift. This evolution is explained by fast "in-situ" star formation at high-$z$ followed by a late mass assembly mostly driven by minor mergers that deposit stars primarily in the outer halo. We aim to identify structural components of the Hydra I cD galaxy NGC 3311 to investigate the connection between the central galaxy and the surrounding stellar halo. We map the line-of-sight velocity distribution (LOSVD) using MUSE pointings covering NGC 3311 out to $25$ kpc. Combining photometric and spectroscopic data, we model the LOSVD maps usin…
We present IFU observations with MUSE@VLT and deep imaging with FORS@VLT of a dwarf galaxy recently formed within the giant collisional HI ring surrounding NGC 5291. This TDG-like object has the characteristics of typical z=1-2 gas-rich spiral galaxies: a high gas fraction, a rather turbulent clumpy ISM, the absence of an old stellar population, a moderate metallicity and star formation efficiency. The MUSE spectra allow us to determine the physical conditions within the various complex substructures revealed by the deep optical images, and to scrutinize at unprecedented spatial resolution the…
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The spatial structure of the emission lines and continuum over the 50 arcsecond extent of the nearby, O-rich, planetary nebula NGC 7009 (Saturn Nebula) have been observed with the MUSE integral field spectrograph on the ESO Very Large Telescope. Science Verification data, in <0.6 arcsecond seeing, have been reduced and analysed as images over the wavelength range 4750-9350A. Emission line maps over the bright shells are presented, from neutral to the highest ionization available (He II and [Mn V]). For collisionally excited lines (CELs), maps of electron temperature (T_e from [N II] and [S III…
Tidal pre-conditioning and ram-pressure stripping in NGC 1427A. Deep VLT/MUSE spectroscopy and FUV-to-radio observations trace a Fornax Cluster dwarf in transformation
Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile（智利天主教 Pontificia 大学）；Centro Espacial Nacional, Fuerza Aérea de Chile（智利空军国家航天中心）；University of Vienna（维也纳大学）；European Southern Observatory（欧洲南方天文台）；University of Minnesota（明尼苏达大学）；Carnegie Observatories（卡内基观测站）；Gemini Observatory（双子座天文台）；Universidad Diego Portales（迭戈·波特莱斯大学）
The kinematics and stellar populations of the low-mass nearby S0 galaxy NGC 5102 are studied from integral field spectra taken with the Multi-Unit Spectroscopic Explorer (MUSE). The kinematic maps reveal for the first time that NGC 5102 has the characteristic 2 sigma peaks indicative of galaxies with counter-rotating discs. This interpretation is quantitatively confirmed by fitting two kinematic components to the observed spectra. Through stellar population analysis we confirm the known young stellar population in the centre and find steep age and metallicity gradients. We construct axisymmetr…
NGC 2915 is a unique nearby galaxy that is classified as an isolated blue compact dwarf based on its optical appearance but has an extremely extended H i gas disk with prominent Sd-type spiral arms. To unveil the starburst-triggering mystery of NGC 2915, we performed a comprehensive analysis of deep VLT/MUSE integral field spectroscopic observations that cover the star-forming region in the central kiloparsec of the galaxy. We find that episodes of bursty star formation have recurred in different locations throughout the central region, and the most recent one peaked around 50 Myr ago. The bur…
The so-called ultra-diffuse galaxy NGC~1052-DF2 was announced to be a galaxy lacking dark matter based on a spectroscopic study of its constituent globular clusters. Here we present the first spectroscopic analysis of the stellar body of this galaxy using the MUSE integral-field spectrograph at the (ESO) Very Large Telescope. The MUSE datacube simultaneously provides DF2's stellar velocity field and systemic velocities for seven globular clusters (GCs). We further discovered three planetary nebulae (PNe) that are likely part of this galaxy. While five of the clusters had velocities measured in…
I report the discovery of a transient broad-H$α$ point source in the outskirts of the giant elliptical galaxy NGC 1404, discovered in archival observations taken with the MUSE integral field spectrograph. The H$α$ line width of 1950 km s$^{-1}$ FWHM, and luminosity of (4.1$\pm$0.1)$\times$10$^{36}$ erg s$^{-1}$, are consistent with a nova outburst, and the source is not visible in MUSE data obtained nine months later. A transient soft X-ray source was detected at the same position (within $<$1 arcsec), 14 years before the H$α$ transient. If the X-ray and H$α$ emission are from the same object,…
We provide an overview of Science Verification MUSE observations of NGC 2070, the central region of the Tarantula Nebula in the Large Magellanic Cloud. Integral-field spectroscopy of the central 2' x 2' region provides the first complete spectroscopic census of its massive star content, nebular conditions and kinematics. The star-formation surface density of NGC 2070 is reminiscent of the intense star-forming knots of high-redshift galaxies, with nebular conditions similar to low-redshift Green Pea galaxies, some of which are Lyman continuum leakers. Uniquely, MUSE permits the star-formation h…
Supermassive black hole masses (MBH) can dynamically be estimated with various methods and using different kinematic tracers. Different methods have only been cross-checked for a small number of galaxies and often show discrepancies. To understand these discrepancies, detailed cross-comparisons of additional galaxies are needed. We present the first part of our cross-comparison between stellar- and gas-based MBH estimates in the nearby fast-rotating early-type galaxy NGC 6958. The measurements presented here are based on ground-layer adaptive optics-assisted Multi-Unit Spectroscopic Explorer (…
Stellar shells around galaxies could provide precious insights into their assembly history. However, their formation mechanism remains poorly empirically constrained, in particular the type of galaxy collisions at their origin. We present MUSE@VLT data of the most prominent outer shell of NGC 474, to constrain its formation history. The stellar shell spectrum is clearly detected, with a signal-to-noise ratio of around 65 pix$^{-1}$. We use a full spectral fitting method to determine the line-of-sight velocity and the age and metallicity of the shell and associated point-like sources within the…
NGC 1052-DF2, an ultra diffuse galaxy (UDG), has been the subject of intense debate. Its alleged absence of dark matter, and the brightness and number excess of its globular clusters (GCs) at an initially assumed distance of 20Mpc, suggested a new formation channel for UDGs. We present the first systematic spectroscopic analysis of both the stellar body and the GCs (six of which were previously known, and one newly confirmed member) of this galaxy using MUSE@VLT. Even though NGC 1052-DF2 does not show any spatially extended emission lines we report the discovery of three planetary nebulae (PNe…
The Seyfert 1 galaxy NGC 7469 possesses a prominent nuclear starburst ring and a luminous active galactic nucleus (AGN). Evidence of an outflow in the innermost nuclear region has been found in previous works. We detect the ionized gas outflow on a larger scale in the galaxy using the archival VLT/MUSE and {\em Chandra} observations. The optical emission lines are modeled using two Gaussian components, and a non-parametric approach is applied to measure the kinematics of [O III] and $\rm Hα$ emitting gas. Line ratio diagnostics and spatially resolved maps are derived to examine the origin of t…
We employ optical spectroscopy from the Multi Unit Spectroscopic Explorer (MUSE) combined with X-ray and radio data to study the highly-ionized gas (HIG) phase of the feedback in a sample of five local nearby Active Galactic Nuclei (AGN). Thanks to the superb field of view and sensitivity of MUSE, we found that the HIG, traced by the coronal line [FeVII] $λ$6089, extends to scales not seen before, from 700 pc in Circinus and up to ~2 kpc in NGC5728 and NGC3393. The gas morphology is complex, following closely the radio jet and the X-ray emission. Emission line ratios suggest gas excitation by …
We study the ionised ISM in NGC 7793 with MUSE/AO, at a spatial resolution of $\sim$ 10 pc. The data are complemented with young star clusters (YSCs), O stars and GMCs observed with HST and ALMA. Using a strong-line method, we find a median $12 + \log(O/H) \sim 8.37$ with a scatter of 0.25 dex, in agreement with previous estimates. The abundance map is rich in substructures, surrounding clusters and massive stars, although clear degeneracies with photoionisation are present. We determine the observed total amount of ionising photons, $Q(H^0)$, from the extinction corrected H$α$ luminosity, and…
Looking into the faintEst WIth MUSE (LEWIS): Exploring the nature of ultra-diffuse galaxies in the Hydra I cluster III. Untangling UDG 32 from the stripped filaments of NGC 3314A with multi-wavelength data
The [O III ] 5007 Planetary Nebula Luminosity Function (PNLF) is an established distance indicator that has been used for more than 30 years to measure the distances of galaxies out to ~15 Mpc. With the advent of the Multi-Unit Spectroscopic Explorer on the Very Large Telescope (MUSE) as an efficient wide-field integral field spectrograph, the PNLF method is due for a renaissance, as the spatial and spectral information contained in the instrument's datacubes provides many advantages over classical narrow-band imaging. Here we use archival MUSE data to explore the potential of a novel differen…
We present adaptive optics (AO) assisted integral-field spectroscopy of the intermediate-age star cluster NGC 419 in the Small Magellanic Cloud. By investigating the cluster dynamics and the rotation properties of main sequence turn-off stars (MSTO), we demonstrate the power of AO-fed MUSE observations for this class of objects. Based on 1 049 radial velocity measurements, we determine a dynamical cluster mass of 1.4+/-0.2x10^5 M_sun and a dynamical mass-to-light ratio of 0.67+/-0.08, marginally higher than simple stellar population predictions for a Kroupa initial mass function. A stacking an…
We map the interstellar medium (ISM) including the diffuse interstellar bands (DIBs) in absorption toward the globular cluster NGC 6397 using VLT/MUSE. This pilot study demonstrates the power of MUSE for mapping the local ISM on very small scales which provides a new window for ISM observations. Assuming the absorbers are located at the rim of the Local Bubble we trace small-scale variations in NaI and KI as well as in several DIBs structures on the order of mpc (milliparsec, a few thousand AU). The sightlines defined by binned stellar spectra are separated by only a few arcseconds and we prob…
There are known differences between the physical properties of HII and diffuse ionized gas (DIG), but most of the studied regions in the literature are relatively bright. We compiled a faint sample of 390 HII regions with median $\log_{10}Hα$=34.7 in the spiral galaxy NGC300, derived their physical properties in terms of metallicity, density, extinction, and kinematics, and performed a comparative analysis of the properties of the DIG. We used MUSE data of nine fields in NGC300, covering a galactocentric distance of zero to ~450 arcsec (~4 projected kpc), including spiral arm and inter-arm reg…
The formation of two stellar bars within a galaxy has proved challenging for numerical studies. It is yet not clear whether the inner bar is born via a star formation process promoted by gas inflow along the outer bar, or whether it is dynamically assembled from instabilities in a small-scale stellar disc. Observational constraints to these scenarios are scarce. We present a thorough study of the stellar content of two double-barred galaxies observed by the MUSE TIMER project, NGC 1291 and NGC 5850, combined with a two-dimensional multi-component photometric decomposition performed on the 3.6μ…
Using MUSE AO data, we probe the ISM in the local spiral galaxy NGC 7793 at a spatial resolution of $\sim$ 10 pc. We identify HII regions and compile a catalogue of supernova remnants (SNRs), planetary nebulae (PNe) and Wolf Rayet stars (WR). We compute electron densities and temperatures from the [SII]6716/6731 and [SIII]6312/9069 line ratios. We study the properties of the ionised gas through BPT diagrams combined with gas velocity dispersion. We spectroscopically confirm 2 previously detected WR stars and a SNR and report the discovery of 7 WR, 1 SNR, and 2 PNe. The diffuse ionized gas (DIG…
We study how the use of several stellar subtraction methods and line fitting approaches can affect the derivation of the main kinematic parameters (velocity and velocity dispersion fields) of the ionized gas component. The target of this work is the nearby galaxy NGC 2906, observed with the MUSE instrument at Very Large Telescope. A sample of twelve spectra is selected from the inner (nucleus) and outer (spiral arms) regions, characterized by different ionization mechanisms. We compare three different methods to subtract the stellar continuum (FIT3D, STARLIGHT and pPXF), combined with one of t…
Integral field spectroscopy (IFS) provides a unique capability to spectroscopically study extended sources over a 2D field of view, but it also requires new techniques and tools. In this paper, we present an automatic code, Spectroscopic Analysis Tool for intEgraL fieLd unIt daTacubEs, SATELLITE, designed to fully explore such capability in the characterization of extended objects, such as planetary nebulae, H II regions, galaxies, etc. SATELLITE carries out 1D and 2D spectroscopic analysis through a number of pseudo-slits that simulate slit spectrometry, as well as emission line imaging. The …
We present observations of the most bright main sequence stars in the Small Magellanic Cloud stellar cluster NGC330 obtained with the integral field spectrograph MUSE@VLT. The use of this valuable instrument allows us to study both photometric and spectroscopic properties of stellar populations of this young star cluster. The photometric data provide us a precise color magnitude diagram, which seems to support the presence of two stellar populations of ages of $\sim$ 18 Myr and $\sim$ 30 Myr assuming a metallicity of Z = 0.002. Thanks to the spectroscopic data, we derive helium abundance of 10…
