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arXiv 2602.02656astro-ph.HE
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恒星-盘碰撞的辐射流体动力学:准周期爆发

Radiation-hydrodynamics of star-disc collisions for quasi-periodic eruptions

Institute of Physics of the Czech Academy of Sciences(捷克科学院物理研究所);Centre for Astrophysics and Cosmology, University of Nova Gorica(新戈里察大学天体物理学与宇宙学中心);School of Physics and Astronomy & Institute for Gravitational Wave Astronomy, University of Birmingham(伯明翰大学物理与天文学学院及引力波天文研究所)

Taj Jankovič, Clément Bonnerot, Sergey Karpov, Aleksej Jurca

AI总结:

通过三维辐射流体动力学模拟,研究恒星与吸积盘碰撞产生的激波、外流及辐射特征,发现不对称外流导致强弱交替耀斑模式,为解释准周期爆发提供依据。

摘要:

准周期爆发(QPEs)是最近发现的、发生在超大质量黑洞附近的未知性质暂现源,其特征是相隔数小时至数天的明亮X射线爆发。QPEs的一个有前景模型是恒星-盘碰撞模型,其中恒星反复与黑洞周围的吸积盘相互作用,产生激波,排出稠密气体外流,辐射从中产生。我们研究了恒星-盘碰撞的动力学、外流的性质以及由此产生的辐射特征。我们的研究聚焦于一般情况,即恒星在碰撞中不受扰动,且恒星穿越盘的时间足够长,使得激波气体能够绕恒星流动。我们进行了恒星-盘碰撞的三维(3D)辐射流体动力学模拟。恒星被建模为固体球体,并针对吸积盘的一个小局部区域模拟了相互作用。我们发现,恒星-盘碰撞产生近似抛物面的弓形激波。气体的加热不仅局限于恒星正前方的气体柱,而且随着激波前沿随恒星横向移动而侧向扩展。当恒星穿越盘时,它优先沿其运动方向注入动量,导致能量和动量的不对称重新分布。结果,在盘的两侧出现两种不同性质的外流:前向外流膨胀更快,包含更多质量,携带更多能量,其光度约为后向外流的两倍。我们的发现表明,外流性质和光度的不对称性自然源于碰撞动力学,为在几个QPE源中观测到的交替强弱耀斑模式提供了可能的解释。

英文摘要:

Quasi-periodic eruptions (QPEs) are recently discovered transients of unknown nature occurring near supermassive black holes, which feature bright X-ray bursts separated by hours to days. A promising model for QPEs is the star-disc collisions model, where a star repeatedly interacts with an accretion disc around a black hole, creating shocks that expel dense outflows of gas from which radiation emerges. We investigate the dynamics of the star-disc collisions, the properties of the outflows, and the resulting radiation signatures. Our study focuses on the generic case where the star remains unperturbed by the collision and the stellar crossing time through the disc is sufficiently long for shocked gas to flow around the star. We performed a three-dimensional (3D) radiation-hydrodynamics simulation of the star-disc collision. The star was modeled as a solid, spherical body, and the interaction was simulated for a small, local section of the accretion disc. We found that star-disc collisions generate a nearly paraboloidal bow shock. The heating of gas is not confined to the column of gas directly ahead of the star but also extends laterally as the shock front expands sideways while traveling with the star. As the star crosses the disc, it injects momentum preferentially along its direction of motion, leading to an asymmetric redistribution of energy and momentum. As a result, two outflows emerge on opposite sides of the disc with different properties: the forward outflow expands faster, contains more mass, carries more energy, and is about twice as luminous as the backward outflow. Our findings suggest that the asymmetry in outflow properties and luminosity arises naturally from the collision dynamics, offering a possible explanation for the alternating strong-weak flare patterns observed in several QPE sources.

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