欧洲充电基础设施与能源系统的协调规划以实现最优V1G和V2G部署
Coordinated planning of European charging infrastructure and energy system for optimal V1G and V2G deployment
AI总结：
本文通过协调欧洲充电基础设施与能源系统规划，发现V1G在降低系统成本和减少基础设施需求方面效果显著，而V2G在特定场景下能带来平衡市场收入。
摘要：
欧洲目前的车辆充电基础设施目标依赖于统一的基准，忽视了未来智能充电（V1G）和车辆到电网操作（V2G）所能提供的灵活性。为解决这一差距，我们明确地将充电基础设施及其成本纳入一个以最小化成本为目标的欧洲能源系统模型中，允许无控制充电、V1G和V2G相互竞争。我们发现，V1G捕获了大部分系统成本节省，每年节省19至42十亿欧元，或2.2至4.5个百分点，并显著减少了基础设施需求。V2G提供的系统成本节省有限，每年最多25亿欧元，但产生了约64亿欧元的平衡市场收入。V2G部署在光伏主导的系统和电网扩展有限的场景中最为经济有效，其中太阳能和风能发电相对稀缺。充电基础设施需求因国家而异，反映出要么利用最大化要么灵活性最大化。这表明统一的欧盟目标可能在某些地区高估基础设施需求，而在其他地区限制了智能充电的益处。
英文摘要：
Vehicle charging infrastructure targets in Europe currently rely on uniform benchmarks and overlook the flexibility that could be provided by future smart charging (V1G) and vehicle to grid operation (V2G). To address this gap, we explicitly represent charging infrastructure and its costs in a cost minimizing European energy system model, allowing uncontrolled charging, V1G, and V2G to compete. We find that V1G captures the majority of system cost savings, amounting to 19 to 42 billion euros per year, or 2.2 to 4.5 percent, and substantially reduces infrastructure requirements. V2G provides more limited system cost savings of up to 2.5 billion euros per year, but generates substantial balancing market revenues of around 6.4 billion euros per year. V2G deployment is most cost effective in photovoltaic dominated systems and in scenarios with limited grid expansion, where combined solar and wind generation is relatively scarce. Charging infrastructure requirements vary across countries, reflecting either utilization maximization or flexibility maximization. This indicates that uniform EU targets risk overestimating infrastructure needs in some regions while constraining the benefits of smart charging in others.
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