潮汐锁定的熔岩世界上的洋流：基于简单边界迭代方法的三维建模
Ocean Circulation on Tide-locked Lava Worlds: 3D Modeling with a Simple Boundary Iteration Method
AI总结：
研究通过三维建模揭示了潮汐锁定熔岩世界中受热力驱动的洋流特征，发现科里奥利力导致环流形成及西强化现象，证实熔岩洋较浅。
摘要：
潮汐锁定的熔岩世界是处于1:1潮汐锁定轨道（即同步旋转）的表面熔融的岩石行星，其轨道周期等于旋转周期，具有永久的热日侧和冷夜侧。此前对这类行星的研究采用了缩放分析和二维（2D）模拟。本研究是先前研究的延续，但加入了科里奥利力的影响，并将模拟域扩展到三维全球球体。我们发现，在仅有热力驱动（无表面风应力）的条件下，平均洋深约为50-300米（取决于垂直扩散率），而平均水平海洋热量输送效应（在10^3到10^4 W m^-2量级）显著小于恒星辐射（在子星区约为10^6 W m^-2量级），这与先前结果一致。与二维结果不同，由于科里奥利力的影响，在日侧形成了大尺度水平环流，西边界附近的洋流比东边界附近的洋流更强（称为“西强化”），最深的洋水不在子星点，而是在中纬度地区（当垂直扩散率适中或较大时），同时子星点东西两侧存在显著的不对称性。这些结果建立了三维热驱动洋流的初步图景，并确认了潮汐锁定的熔岩世界上的熔岩洋应较浅。
英文摘要：
Tide-locked lava worlds are surface-melted rocky planets under 1:1 tidally locked orbit (i.e., synchronously rotating) with orbital period being equal to rotation period and with permanent hot dayside and cold nightside. Previous studies on this type of planets employed scaling analyses and two-dimensional (2D) simulations. This work is a continuation of the previous researches but including the effect of the Coriolis force and the simulation domain is extended to a 3D global sphere. We find that under the condition with thermal-only forcing (without surface wind stresses), the area-mean ocean depth is about 50--300 m (depending on vertical diffusivity) and the area-mean effect of horizontal ocean heat transport (in the order of 10$^{3}$ to 10$^{4}$ W m$^{-2}$) is significantly smaller than stellar radiation (in the order of 10$^{6}$ W m$^{-2}$ at the substellar region), being consistent with previous results. Different from 2D results, due to the effect of the Coriolis force, large-scale horizontal gyres form on the dayside, ocean currents near the west boundaries are much stronger than that near the east boundaries (called as ``western intensification''), the deepest ocean is not right at the substellar point but in the middle latitudes as the vertical diffusivity is moderate or large, and meanwhile there exists significant asymmetry between the west and the east of the substellar point. These results establish a first picture for the 3D thermal-driven ocean circulation and confirm that the lava ocean should be shallow on tide-locked lava worlds.
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