跨尺度的伪生物多样性效应
Pseudo-biodiversity effects across scales
AI总结：
本文提出三种跨尺度的伪生物多样性效应，指出在研究生物多样性对生态系统功能影响时需注意排除非生物因素的干扰。
摘要：
在过去十年中，人们尝试扩展生物多样性研究，以探索生物多样性-生态系统功能关系如何在不同空间和时间尺度上发生变化。不幸的是，基于这些尝试的研究往往忽略了在更大尺度上量化生物多样性效应时可能出现的严重问题，特别是生物多样性效应在空间和时间上可能包含与生物多样性本身无关的琐碎效应，甚至可能是由于如何计数和量化属性和实体而产生的非生物学效应。在这里，我们概述并描述了三种此类伪生物多样性效应：种群级效应、独立效应和算术效应。种群级效应与由于个体物种种群增长或发育导致的时间变化有关，因此与生物多样性无关。独立效应和算术效应（我们在此主要在空间背景下探讨）要么是由于并非所有物种都存在于每个地方的简单结果——即在更大的空间尺度上物种更替是不可避免的（独立效应）；要么是当所测得的生物多样性效应仅仅是数学函数行为的简单副产品时产生的（算术效应）。我们的研究表明，如果希望有意义地测量生物多样性效应在空间和时间尺度上如何变化，就必须控制这些琐碎的伪效应。
英文摘要：
Over the last decade several attempts have been made to extend biodiversity studies in ways that would allow researchers to explore how biodiversity-ecosystem functioning relationships may change across different spatial and temporal scales. Unfortunately, the studies based on these attempts often overlooked the serious issues that can arise when quantifying biodiversity effects at larger scales, specifically the fact that biodiversity effects measured across space and time can contain trivial effects that are unrelated to the role of biodiversity per se -- or even effects that are non-biological in nature due to being simple artefacts of how properties and entities are counted and quantified. Here we outline and describe three such pseudo-biodiversity effects: Population-level effects, Independence effects, and Arithmetic effects. Population-level effects are those related to temporal changes due to individual species population growth or development, and are thus independent of biodiversity. Independence and Arithmetic effects (which we explore here primarily in a spatial context) arise either as a simple consequence of the fact that not all species are present everywhere -- i.e., species turnover is inevitable at greater spatial scales (Independence effects); or they arise when the purported biodiversity effects measured are a simple byproduct of how mathematical functions behave (Arithmetic effects). Our study demonstrates the necessity of controlling for these trivial artefactual effects if one wishes to meaningfully measure how true biodiversity effects change across spatial and temporal scales.
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