Single-Spin Nitrogen-Vacancy Hybrid Magnetometer with Enhanced Static Field Sensitivity
University of Calgary（卡尔加里大学）；Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry（马克斯·普朗克生物物理化学研究所）；Sichuan University of Science and Engineering（四川理工学院）；QNeura；VinUniversity（越南大学）；XeedQ GmbH（XeedQ有限公司）
Vinaya K. Kavatamane, Dewen Duan, Hadi Zadeh-Haghighi, Manh-Huong Phan, Gopalakrishnan Balasubramanian
Precision sensing and imaging of weak static magnetic fields are crucial for a variety of emerging nanoscale applications. While nitrogen-vacancy (NV) centers in diamond provide exceptional AC magnetic field sensitivity with nanoscale spatial resolution, their sensitivity to static (DC) magnetic fields is fundamentally limited by the short dephasing time (T2*) due to spin-spin interactions. In this work, we present a novel hybrid sensing approach that integrates a soft ferromagnetic microwire with a single near-surface NV center to amplify its response to external static magnetic fields. This hybrid configuration achieves a DC magnetic field sensitivity of 63 nT/sqrt(Hz) for a single NV center - about 500 times greater than conventional inhomogeneous broadening- or T2*-limited magnetometry, with potential for further enhancement. The compact and highly sensitive nature of this sensor opens new opportunities for quantum sensing applications involving the detection of static or slowly varying magnetic fields across diverse scientific and technological domains.
Silicon vacancy in silicon carbide has drawn much attention for various quantum sensing. However, most of the previous experiments are achieved using confocal scanning systems, which limit its applications in practical applications. In this work, we demonstrate a compact fiber-integrated silicon carbide silicon vacancy-based vector magnetometer at room temperature. First, we effectively couple the silicon vacancy in a tiny silicon carbide slice to an optical fiber tip and realize the readout of the spin signal through the fiber at the same time. We then study the optically detected magnetic re…
We review the electronic level structure of the nitrogen-vacancy in diamond and some common experimental techniques to study its optical properties at low temperatures. We then summarize several recent experiments and advances in using nitrogen-vacancy centers for quantum optics.
Improved constraints on exotic spin-dependent interactions are established at the micrometer scale by a magnetometer with ensembles of nitrogen-vacancy (NV) centers in diamond. A thin layer of NV electronic spin ensembles is utilized as the sensor, and a lead sphere is taken as the source of the nucleons. The exotic spin-dependent interactions are explored by detecting the possible effective magnetic fields by the sensor. Stringent bounds on an exotic parity-odd spin- and velocity-dependent interaction are set within the force range from 5 to 500 $μ$m. The upper limit of the corresponding coup…
The singlet states of the negatively-charged nitrogen-vacancy centers in diamond play a key role in its optical spin control and readout. In this work, the hitherto unknown ionization energy of the singlet is measured experimentally and found to be between 1.91-2.25 eV. This is obtained by analyzing photoluminescence measurements incorporating spin control and NV charge state differentiation, along with simulations based on the nitrogen-vacancy's master equation. This work establishes a protocol for a more accurate estimate of this ionization energy, which can possibly lead to improved read-ou…
This paper introduces a theoretical framework for understanding the accumulation of non-Abelian geometric phases in rotating nitrogen-vacancy centers in diamond. Specifically, we consider how degenerate states can be achieved and demonstrate that the resulting geometric phase for multiple paths is non-Abelian. We find that the non-Abelian nature of the phase is robust to fluctuations in the path and magnetic field. In contrast to previous studies of the accumulation of Abelian geometric phases for nitrogen-vacancy centers under rotation we find that the limiting time-scale is $T_{1}$. As such …
Circuit-QED has demonstrated very strong coupling between individual microwave photons trapped in a superconducting coplanar resonator and nearby superconducting qubits. In this work we show how, by designing a novel interconnect, one can strongly connect the superconducting resonator, via a magnetic interaction, to a small number (perhaps single), of electronic spins. By choosing the electronic spin to be within a Nitrogen Vacancy centre in diamond one can perform optical readout, polarization and control of this electron spin using microwave and radio frequency irradiation. More importantly,…
We demonstrate a quantum key distribution (QKD) testbed for room temperature single photon sources based on defect centres in diamond. A BB84 protocol over a short free-space transmission line is implemented. The performance of nitrogen-vacancy (NV) as well as silicon-vacancy defect (SiV) centres is evaluated and an extrapolation for next-generation sources with enhanced efficiency is discussed.
We present a practical scheme by global addressing to deterministically entangle negatively charged nitrogen-vacancy (N-V) centers in distant diamonds using a nano-mechanical cantilever with the magnetic tips strongly coupled to the N-V electron spins. Symmetric Dicke states are generated as an example, and the experimental feasibility and challenge of our scheme are discussed.
The optical coupling of guided modes in a GaP waveguide to nitrogen-vacancy (NV) centers in diamond is demonstrated. The electric field penetration into diamond and the loss of the guided mode are measured. The results indicate that the GaP-diamond system could be useful for realizing coupled microcavity-NV devices for quantum information processing in diamond.
We demonstrate magnetic field sensing using an ensemble of nitrogen-vacancy centers by recording the variation in the pump-light absorption due to the spin-polarization dependence of the total ground state population. Using a 532 nm pump laser, we measure the absorption of native nitrogen-vacancy centers in a chemical vapor deposited diamond placed in a resonant optical cavity. For a laser pump power of 0.4 W and a cavity finesse of 45, we obtain a noise floor of $\sim$ 100 nT/$\sqrt{\textrm{Hz}}$ spanning a bandwidth up to 125 Hz. We project a photon shot-noise-limited sensitivity of $\sim$ 1…
We present a general theory for using an optically pumped diamond nitrogen-vacancy center as a tunable, non-equilibrium bath to control a variety of nuclear spin dynamics (such as dephasing, relaxation, squeezing, polarization, etc.) and the nuclear spin noise. It opens a new avenue towards engineering the dissipative and collective nuclear spin evolution and solves an open problem brought up by the $^{13}$C nuclear spin noise suppression experiment [E. Togan \textit{et al}., Nature 478, 497 (2011)].
A simple, room-temperature, cavity- and vacuum-free interface for a photon-matter interaction is implemented. In the experiment, a heralded single photon generated by the process of spontaneous parametric down-conversion is absorbed by an ensemble of nitrogen-vacancy color centers. The broad absorption spectrum associated with the phonon sideband solves the mismatch problem of a narrow absorption bandwidth in a typical atomic medium and broadband spectrum of quantum light. The heralded single photon source is tunable in the spectral range 452-575 nm, which overlaps well with the absorption spe…
We propose an efficient quantum measurement protocol for the hyperfine interaction between the electron spin and the $^{15}$N nuclear spin of a diamond nitrogen-vacancy center. In this protocol, a sequence of quantum operations of successively increasing duration is utilized to estimate the hyperfine interaction with successively higher precision approaching the quantum metrology limit. This protocol does not need the preparation of the nuclear spin state. In the presence of realistic operation errors and electron spin decoherence, the overall precision of our protocol still surpasses the stan…
We propose a scheme to generate GHZ state of nitrogen-vacancy centers coupled to a whispering-gallery mode cavity. The implemented evolution is independent on the cavity field state with the assistant of a strong classical field, and thus not sensitive to the thermal state of the cavity. Meanwhile, it is fast compare to the convectional dispersive interaction induced operation in a cavity-assisted system. The scheme is readily scalable to multiqubit scenario.
Magnetic field sensors that exploit quantum effects have shown that they can outperform classical sensors in terms of sensitivity enabling a range of novel applications in future, such as a brain machine interface. Negatively charged nitrogen-vacancy (NV) centers in diamond have emerged as a promising high sensitivity platform for measuring magnetic fields at room temperature. Transferring this technology from laboratory setups into products and applications, the total size of the sensor, the overall power consumption, and the costs need to be reduced and optimized. Here, we demonstrate a fibe…
We propose an efficient scheme for the realization of quantum information transfer and entanglement with nitrogen-vacancy (NV) centers coupled to a high-Q whispering-gallery mode (WGM) microresonator. We show that, based on the effective dipole-dipole interaction between the NV centers mediated by the WGM, quantum information can be transferred between the NV centers through Raman transitions combined with laser fields. This protocol may open up promising possibilities for quantum communications with the solid state cavity QED system.
In this article we investigate the dynamics of a single negatively charged nitrogen-vacancy center (NV-) coupled to the spin of the nucleus of a 15-nitrogen atom and show that high fidelity gate operations are possible without the need for complicated composite pulse sequences. These operations include both the electron and nuclear spin rotations, as well as an entangling gate between them. These are experimentally realizable gates with current technology of sufficiently high fidelities that they can be used to build graph states for quantum information processing tasks.
We propose an architecture for realizing quantum information transfer (QIT). In this architecture, a LC circuit is used to induce the necessary interaction between flux qubits, each magnetically coupling to a nitrogen-vacancy center ensemble (NVCE). We explicitly show that for resonant interaction and large detuning cases, high-fidelity QIT between two spatially-separated NVCEs can be implemented. Our proposal can be extended to achieve QIT between any two selected NVCEs in a large hybrid system by adjusting system parameters, which is important in large scale quantum information processing.
We propose a scheme to realize universal quantum gates between nitrogen-vacancy (NV) centers in an optically trapped nanodiamond, through uniform magnetic field induced coupling between the NV centers and the torsional mode of the levitated nanodiamond. The gates are tolerant to the thermal noise of the torsional mode. By combining the scheme with dynamical decoupling technology, it is found that the high fidelity quantum gates are possible for the present experimental conditions. The proposed scheme is useful for NV-center-based quantum network and distributed quantum computation
We study spectroscopy of negatively charged nitrogen-vacancy center in diamond at high temperatures under high vacuum conditions. Spin resonances are studied using optical detection of magnetic resonance (ODMR), and optical spectroscopy is employed to study radiative transitions. Upon increasing the temperature the intensity of radiative decay in visible and infra-red decreased. In addition, the ODMR resonance frequencies were decreased, and the phonon line emission shifted to higher wavelengths. Fitting the measured intensity of photo-luminescence with the theoretical predictions of the Mott-…
The limitation of simultaneous measurements of noncommuting observables can be eliminated when the measured particle is maximally entangled with a quantum memory. We present a proposal for testing this quantum-memory-assisted entropic uncertainty relation in a single nitrogen-vacancy (N-V) center in diamond only by local electronic measurements. As an application, this entropic uncertainty relation is used to witness entanglement between the electron and nuclear spins of the N-V center, which is close to the reach of currently available technology.
We study relaxation processes of the spins of dipolar-coupled negatively charged nitrogen vacancy (NV$^-$) centers under transverse electric and magnetic fields. Specifically, we uncover regimes where flip-flop, double-flip processes as well as mixing induced by local electric fields play a significant role in NV-NV cross-relaxation. Our results are relevant for understanding decoherence in many-body spin systems as well as for high sensitivity magneto- and electro-metry with long-lived interacting solid-state spins. As a proof of principle, we present an orientation and microwave-free magneto…
We show how nitrogen vacancy (NV) centers can be used to determine the amplitude, phase and frequency of unknown weak monochromatic and multichromatic oscillating magnetic fields using only the periodic dynamical decoupling (PDD) and Carr-Purcell-Meiboom-Gill (CPMG) sequences. The effect of decoherence on the measurement of the magnetic field parameters is explicitly analyzed, and we take into account the fact that different pulse sequences suppress decoherence to different extents. Since the sensitivity increases with increasing sensing time while it decreases due to decoherence, we use the F…
We present a quantum electrodynamical model involving nitrogen-vacancy centers coupled to a whispering-gallery mode cavity. Two schemes are considered to create W state and Bell state, respectively. One of the schemes makes use of the Raman transition with the cavity field virtually excited; The other enables the Bell state preparation and quantum information transfer by virtue of dark state evolution and adiabatic passage, which is tolerant to ambient noise and experimental parameter fluctuations. We justify our schemes by considering the experimental feasibility and challenge using currently…
We propose a potentially practical scheme for realization of two-mode squeezed state with respect to two distant nitrogen-vacancy center ensembles coupled to two interconnected mechanical modes of diamond nanoresonators. By making use of the tunable phonon-spin interaction and the engineered phonon-phonon tunneling, both the desired excitation transfer process and the optimal two-mode squeezing between spin ensembles can be realized. We investigate the dynamics of the total system under infulences from the mechanical decay using both analytical and numerical methods, where the realistic condit…
Quantum mechanical systems lose coherence through interactions with external environments---a process known as decoherence. Although decoherence is detrimental for most of the tasks in quantum information processing, a substantial degree of decoherence is crucial for boosting the efficiency of quantum processes, for example, in quantum biology. The key to the success in simulating those open quantum systems is therefore the ability of controlling decoherence, instead of eliminating it. Here we focus on the problem of simulating quantum open systems with Nitrogen-Vacancy centers, which has beco…
The vast research conducted on Nitrogen-Vacancy (NV) centers in diamond in recent years opened the door for a wide range of NV based applications. However, some properties of the NV center dynamics and energy levels remain unknown. In this work, we propose a charge conversion pulsed sequence scheme for locating the NV center singlet manifold energy level, by multi-color excitation using a tunable laser. We present two approaches for readout - photo-induced current and NV$^0$ population - and discuss their efficiency for different regimes in the relevant spectrum.
The diamond nitrogen-vacancy (NV) center is an excellent candidate for quantum information processing, whereas entangling separate NV centers is still of great experimental challenge. We propose an one-step conditional phase flip with three NV centers coupled to a whispering-gallery mode cavity by virtue of the Raman transition and smart qubit encoding. As decoherence is much suppressed, our scheme could work for more qubits. The experimental feasibility is justified.
We propose efficient schemes for converting three-photon, four-photon and five-photon GHZ state to a $W$ state or Dicke state, respectively with the nitrogen-vacancy (N-V) centers via single-photon input-output process and cross-Kerr nonlinearities. The total success probability can be improved by iterating the conversion process for the case of three-photon and five-photon while it does not require iteration for converting four-photon GHZ state to a $W$ state. The analysis of feasibility shows that our scheme is feasible for current experimental technology.
We propose an all-optical scheme to prolong the quantum coherence of a negatively charged nitrogen-vacancy (NV) center in diamond. Optical control of the NV spin suppresses energy fluctuations of the $^{3}\text{A}_{2}$ ground states and forms an energy gap protected subspace. By optical control, the spectral linewidth of magnetic resonance is much narrower and the measurement of the frequencies of magnetic field sources has higher resolution. The optical control also improves the sensitivity of the magnetic field detection and can provide measurement of the directions of signal sources.
We propose an efficient scheme for a coherent quantum interface between microwave and optical photons using nitrogen-vacancy (NV) centers in diamond. In this setup, an NV center ensemble is simultaneously coupled to an optical and a microwave cavity. We show that, by using the collective spin excitation modes as an intermediary, quantum states can be transferred between the microwave cavity and the optical cavity through either a double-swap scheme or a dark-state protocol. This hybrid quantum interface may provide interesting applications in single microwave photon detections or quantum infor…
In this report, the polarization properties of the photoluminescence emitted by single nitrogen-vacancy (NV) color centers in diamond are investigated using resonant excitation at cryogenic temperature. We first underline that the two excited-state orbital branches are associated with two orthogonal transition dipoles. Using selective excitation of one dipole, we then show that the photoluminescence is partially unpolarized owing to fast relaxation between the two orbitals induced by the thermal bath. This result might be important in the context of the realization of indistinguishable single …
We present a proposal to realize the quantum Zeno effect (QZE) and quantum Zeno-like effect (QZLE) in a proximal $\mathrm{^{13}C}$ nuclear spin by controlling a proximal electron spin of a nitrogen vacancy (NV) center. The measurement is performed by applying a microwave pulse to induce the transition between different electronic spin states. Under the practical experimental conditions, our calculations show that there exist both QZE and QZLE in a $^{13}$C nuclear spin in the vicinity of an NV center.
In this paper, we study the dynamical behavior and quantum metrology in a rotating Nitrogen-Vacancy(NV) center system which is subject to an external magnetic field. Based on the recently realized rapid rotation of nano-rotor [J. Ahn, et. al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 121, 033603 (2018) and R. Reimann, et. al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 121, 033602 (2018)], the frequency of the rotation is close to that of the intrinsic frequency of the NV center system, we predict the quantum beats phenomenon in the time domain and show that the quantum metrology can be enhanced by the superposition effect in our system.
We study a hybrid quantum computing system using nitrogen-vacancy center ensemble (NVE) as quantum memory, current-biased Josephson junction (CBJJ) superconducting qubit fabricated in a transmission line resonator (TLR) as quantum computing processor and the microwave photons in TLR as quantum data bus. The storage process is seriously treated by considering all kinds of decoherence mechanisms. Such a hybrid quantum device can also be used to create multi-qubit W states of NVEs through a common CBJJ. The experimental feasibility and challenge are justified using currently available technology.
We experimentally and theoretically investigate the Hahn echo decay curve for nitrogen vacancy centers in diamond with different spin concentrations. The Hahn echo results show a non-exponential decay for low spin concentrations, while an exponential decay is dominant for high spin concentrations. By fitting the decay curve with a theoretical model, we show that both the amplitude and correlation time of the environmental noise have a clear dependence on the spin concentration. These results are essential for optimizing the NV center concentration in high-performance quantum devices, particula…
We investigate the multi-phonon interactions in a hybrid system composed of a nitrogen-vacancy center and a mechanical resonator.We show that, through appropriate sideband engineering analogy to the Mollow or Lamb-Dicke dynamics, the enhanced nonlinear interactions can dominate the coupled system. As an example, we show the preparation of nonclassical states of the mechanical motion and explore the quantum correlation of $n$-phonon with the engineered dissipation,based on the large multi-phonon coupling strength attainable in this sideband structure. This work takes full advantage of the struc…
It is desirable to implement an efficient quantum information process demanding fewer quantum resources. We designed two compact quantum circuits for determinately implementing four-qubit Toffoli and Fredkin gates on single-photon systems in both the polarization and spatial degrees of freedom (DoFs) via diamond nitrogen-vacancy (NV) centers in resonators. The gates are heralded by the electron spins associated with the diamond NV centers. In contrast to the ones with one DoF, our implementations reduce the quantum resource and are robust against the decoherence. Evaluations of fidelities and …
We propose a scheme to realize optical quantum memories in an ensemble of nitrogen-vacancy centers in diamond that are coupled to a micro-cavity. The scheme is based on off-resonant Raman coupling, which allows one to circumvent optical inhomogeneous broadening and store optical photons in the electronic spin coherence. This approach promises a storage time of order one second and a time-bandwidth product of order 10$^7$. We include all possible optical transitions in a 9-level configuration, numerically evaluate the efficiencies and discuss the requirements for achieving high efficiency and f…
We report on the controlled coupling of a single nitrogen-vacancy (NV) center to a surface plasmon mode propagating along a chemically grown silver nanowire. We locate and optically characterize a single NV-center in a uniform dielectric environment before we controllably position this emitter in the close proximity of the nanowire. We are thus able to control the coupling of this particular emitter to the nanowire and directly compare the photon emission properties before and after the coupling. The excitation of single plasmonic modes is witnessed and a total rate enhancement by a factor of …
A high-nitrogen-concentration diamond sample was subject to 200-keV electron irradiation using a transmission electron microscope. The optical and spin-resonance properties of the nitrogen-vacancy (NV) color centers were investigated as a function of the irradiation dose up to 6.4\times1021 e-/cm2. The microwave transition frequency of the NV- center was found to shift by up to 0.6% (17.1 MHz) and the linewidth broadened with increasing electron-irradiation dose. Unexpectedly, the measured magnetic sensitivity is best at the lowest irradiation dose, even though the NV concentration increases m…
A cavity QED implementation of the non-adiabatic holonomic quantum computation in decoherence-free subspaces is proposed with nitrogen-vacancy centers coupled commonly to the whispering-gallery mode of a microsphere cavity, where a universal set of quantum gates can be realized on the qubits. In our implementation, with the assistant of the appropriate driving fields, the quantum evolution is insensitive to the cavity field state, which is only virtually excited. The implemented non-adiabatic holonomies, utilizing optical transitions in the Λ type of three-level configuration of the nitrogen-v…
We analyze a nitrogen-vacancy (NV^-) colour centre based single photon source based on cavity Purcell enhancement of the zero phonon line and suppression of other transitions. Optimal performance conditions of the cavity-centre system are analyzed using Master equation and quantum trajectory methods. By coupling the centre strongly to a high-finesse optical cavity [Q ~ O(10^4-10^5), V ~ lambda^3] and using sub-picosecond optical excitation the system has striking performance, including effective lifetime of 70 ps, linewidth of 0.01 nm, near unit single photon emission probability and small [O(…
Generation of local magnetic field at the nanoscale is desired for many applications such as spin-qubit-based quantum memories. However, this is a challenge due to the slow decay of static magnetic fields. Here, we demonstrate photonic spin density (PSD) induced effective static magnetic field for an ensemble of nitrogen-vacancy (NV) centers in bulk diamond. This locally induced magnetic field is a result of coherent interaction between the optical excitation and the NV centers. We demonstrate an optically induced spin rotation on the Bloch sphere exceeding 10 degrees which has potential appli…
A collapse and revival shape of Rabi oscillations of a single Nitrogen-Vacancy (NV) center electron spin has been observed in diamond at room temperature. Because of hyperfine interaction between the host 14N nuclear spin and NV center electron spin, different orientation of the 14N nuclear spin leads to a triplet splitting of the transition between the ground ms=0 and excited states ms=1. Microwave can excite the three transitions equally to induce three independent nutations and the shape of Rabi oscillations is a combination of the three nutations. This result provides an innovative view of…
We report sensitive detection of the nuclear quadrupolar interaction of the 14N nuclear spin of the nitrogen-vacancy (NV) center using the electron spin echo envelope modulation technique. We applied a weak transverse magnetic field to the spin system so that certain forbidden transitions became weakly allowed due to second-order effects involving the nonsecular terms of the hyperfine interaction. The weak transitions cause modulation of the electron spin-echo signal, and a theoretical analysis suggests that the modulation frequency is primarily determined by the nuclear quadrupolar frequency;…
Diamond based quantum technology is a fast emerging field with both scientific and technological importance. With the growing knowledge and experience concerning diamond based quantum systems, comes an increased demand for performance. Quantum optimal control (QOC) provides a direct solution to a number of existing challenges as well as a basis for proposed future applications. Together with a swift review of QOC strategies, quantum sensing and other relevant quantum technology applications of nitrogen-vacancy (NV) centers in diamond, we give the necessary background to summarize recent advanc…
Since the quality factor of an acoustic wave resonator (AWR) reached $10^{11}$, AWRs have been regarded as a good carrier of quantum information. In this paper, we propose a scheme to construct a NOON state with two AWRs assisted by a nitrogen-vacancy-center ensemble (NVE). The two AWRs cross each other vertically, and the NVE is located at the center of the crossing. By considering the decoherence of the system and using resonant interactions between the AWRs and the NVE, and the single-qubit operation of the NVE, a NOON state can be achieved with a fidelity higher than $98.8\%$ when the numb…
We present a novel scheme for the generation of entangled states of two spatially separated nitrogen-vacancy (NV) centers with two whispering-gallery-mode (WGM) microresonators, which are coupled either by an optical fiber-taper waveguide, or by the evanescent fields of the WGM. We show that, the steady state of the two NV centers can be steered into a singlet-like state through a dissipative quantum dynamical process, where the cavity decay plays a positive role and can help drive the system to the target state. The protocol may open up promising perspectives for quantum communications and co…
Constructing compact quantum circuits for universal quantum gates on solid-state systems is crucial for quantum computing. We present some compact quantum circuits for a deterministic solid-state quantum computing, including the CNOT, Toffoli, and Fredkin gates on the diamond nitrogen-vacancy centers confined inside cavities, achieved by some input-output processes of a single photon. Our quantum circuits for these universal quantum gates are simple and economic. Moreover, additional electron qubits are not employed, but only a single-photon medium. These gates have a long coherent time. We di…
We report a study of the 3E excited-state structure of single nitrogen-vacancy (NV) defects in diamond, combining resonant excitation at cryogenic temperatures and optically detected magnetic resonance. A theoretical model of the excited-state structure is developed and shows excellent agreement with experimental observations. Besides, we show that the two orbital branches associated with the 3E excited-state are averaged when operating at room temperature. This study leads to an improved physical understanding of the NV defect electronic structure, which is invaluable for the development of d…
Diamond quantum technologies based on color centers have rapidly emerged in the most recent years. The nitrogen-vacancy (NV) color center has attracted a particular interest, thanks to its outstanding spin properties and optical addressability. The NV center has been used to realize innovative multimode quantum-enhanced sensors that offer an unprecedented combination of high sensitivity and spatial resolution at room temperature. The technological progress and the widening of potential sensing applications have induced an increasing demand for performance advances of NV quantum sensors. Quantu…
