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arXiv 2510.03218quant-phcs.CR
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带作弊惩罚的量子弱硬币翻转

Cheat-Penalised Quantum Weak Coin-Flipping

Atul Singh Arora, Carl A. Miller, Mauro E. S. Morales, Jamie Sikora

AI总结:

本研究提出带作弊惩罚的量子弱硬币翻转变体,拓展点博弈-协议对应关系并构造数值算法,实现了兼具高安全性与低空间开销、可权衡偏差与轮数的量子硬币翻转协议,为实用多方计算量子协议提供可能。

摘要:

硬币翻转是两方密码学中的一项基础任务,指两个互不信任的远程参与方希望生成一个共享的均匀随机比特。尽管针对弱硬币翻转(即参与方期望得到相反结果的场景),已有能实现近乎完美安全性的量子协议,但研究表明这类协议的轮复杂度必然较低效,且其空间效率能达到何种程度仍是一个开放问题。在本研究中,我们考虑了一种名为带作弊惩罚的弱硬币翻转的变体:若某一方作弊被抓,将损失Λ点(标准定义中该惩罚为0)。我们发现,仅需设置较小的作弊惩罚,硬币翻转的性能图景就会发生显著变化。例如,当Λ=0.01时,我们提出了一种协议,Alice和Bob都无法将结果向对自己有利的方向偏移超过1/2 + 10⁻⁸,该协议仅使用24个量子比特,通信轮数为10¹⁶轮(经证明,其轮数效率比任何安全性相当的弱硬币翻转协议高10⁷倍)。在相同的空间需求下,我们展示了如何根据需求在降低恶意参与方的结果偏移能力(最低可至1/2 + 10⁻¹⁰)和减少通信轮数(最低可至25180轮)之间做权衡。为构造这些协议,我们做出了两项技术贡献:第一,我们拓展了由Kitaev和Mochon提出的点博弈-协议对应关系,使其可涵盖:(i) 近似点博弈,(ii) 带作弊惩罚的场景,以及(iii) 轮复杂度和空间复杂度。第二,我们提出了据我们所知首个用于构造对应高安全性、低复杂度的(近似)点博弈的数值算法。我们的研究结果为实现安全且实用的多方计算量子协议提供了可能性。

英文摘要:

Coin-flipping is a fundamental task in two-party cryptography where two remote mistrustful parties wish to generate a shared uniformly random bit. While quantum protocols promising near-perfect security exist for weak coin-flipping -- when the parties want opposing outcomes -- it has been shown that they must be inefficient in terms of their round complexity, and it is an open question of how space efficient they can be. In this work, we consider a variant called cheat-penalised weak coin-flipping in which if a party gets caught cheating, they lose $Λ$ points (compared to $0$ in the standard definition). We find that already for a small cheating penalty, the landscape of coin-flipping changes dramatically. For example, with $Λ=0.01$, we exhibit a protocol where neither Alice nor Bob can bias the result in their favour beyond $1/2 + 10^{-8}$, which uses $24$ qubits and $10^{16}$ rounds of communication (provably $10^{7}$ times better than any weak coin-flipping protocol with matching security). For the same space requirements, we demonstrate how one can choose between lowering how much a malicious party can bias the result (down to $1/2 + 10^{-10}$) and reducing the rounds of communication (down to $25,180$), depending on what is preferred. To find these protocols, we make two technical contributions. First, we extend the point game-protocol correspondence introduced by Kitaev and Mochon, to incorporate: (i) approximate point games, (ii) the cheat-penalised setting, and (iii) round and space complexity. Second, we give the first (to the best of our knowledge) numerical algorithm for constructing (approximate) point games that correspond to high security and low complexity. Our results open up the possibility of having secure and practical quantum protocols for multiparty computation.

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