We derive the arbitrage gains or, equivalently, Loss Versus Rebalancing (LVR) for arbitrage between \textit{two imperfectly liquid} markets, extending prior work that assumes the existence of an infinitely liquid reference market. Our result highlights that the LVR depends on the relative liquidity and relative trading volume of the two markets between which arbitrage gains are extracted. Our model assumes that trading costs on at least one of the markets is quadratic. This assumption holds well in practice, with the exception of highly liquid major pairs on centralized exchanges, for which we discuss extensions to other cost functions.
We consider Geometric Mean Market Makers -- a special type of Decentralized Exchange -- with two types of users: liquidity takers and arbitrageurs. Liquidity takers trade at prices that can create arbitrage opportunities, while arbitrageurs align the exchange's price with the external market price. We show that in Geometric Mean Market Makers charging proportional transaction fees, Impermanent Loss can be super-hedged by a model-free rebalancing strategy. Moreover, we demonstrate that in such a DEX, the exchange rate is of finite variation, so that loss-versus-rebalancing (the shortfall of pro…
Growth rate of liquidity provider's wealth in G3Ms
The Chinese University of Hong Kong (Shenzhen)（香港中文大学（深圳））；National Tsing Hua University（国立清华大学）；Baruch College, The City University of New York（纽约市立大学巴鲁克学院）
We consider a dynamic market model of liquidity where unmatched buy and sell limit orders are stored in order books. The resulting net demand surface constitutes the sole input to the model. We prove that generically there is no arbitrage in the model when the driving noise is a stochastic string. Under the equivalent martingale measure, the clearing price is a martingale, and options can be priced under the no-arbitrage hypothesis. We consider several parameterized versions of the model, and show some advantages of specifying the demand curve as quantity as a function of price (as opposed to …
We investigate whether the fee income from trades on the CFM is sufficient for the liquidity providers to hedge away the exposure to market risk. We first analyse this problem through the lens of continuous-time financial mathematics and derive an upper bound for not-arbitrage fee income that would make CFM efficient and liquidity provision fair. We then evaluate our findings by performing multi-agent simulations by varying CFM fees, market volatility, and rate of arrival of liquidity takers. We observe that, on average, fee income generated from liquidity provision is insufficient to compensa…
The standard approach for compensating liquidity providers on many decentralized exchanges (DEX) for serving as counter-party to swaps is through charging a small percentage of fees. The expected payoff from the cash flow of this mode of market making has yet to be mathematically formulated in terms of volatility in the existing literature. We provide here a preliminary derivation of the payoff formula, by making the standard set of assumptions for efficient markets, namely geometric Brownian price movements and zero arbitrage. Trading volume, conventionally taken as an exogenous variable for …
Constant Function Market Makers (CFMMs) are a family of automated market makers that enable censorship-resistant decentralized exchange on public blockchains. Arbitrage trades have been shown to align the prices reported by CFMMs with those of external markets. These trades impose costs on Liquidity Providers (LPs) who supply reserves to CFMMs. Trading fees have been proposed as a mechanism for compensating LPs for arbitrage losses. However, large fees reduce the accuracy of the prices reported by CFMMs and can cause reserves to deviate from desirable asset compositions. CFMM designers are the…
Equilibrium Liquidity and Risk Offsetting in Decentralised Markets
University of Oxford（牛津大学）；Department of Statistical Sciences, University of Toronto（多伦多大学统计科学系）；Oxford-Man Institute, University of Oxford（牛津大学牛津曼研究所）；Department of Mathematics, University of Toronto（多伦多大学数学系）
Geometric mean market makers (G3Ms), such as Uniswap and Balancer, comprise a popular class of automated market makers (AMMs) defined by the following rule: the reserves of the AMM before and after each trade must have the same (weighted) geometric mean. This paper extends several results known for constant-weight G3Ms to the general case of G3Ms with time-varying and potentially stochastic weights. These results include the returns and no-arbitrage prices of liquidity pool (LP) shares that investors receive for supplying liquidity to G3Ms. Using these expressions, we show how to create G3Ms w…
The research presented in this work is motivated by recent papers by Brigo et al. (2011), Burgard and Kjaer (2009), Crépey (2012), Fujii and Takahashi (2010), Piterbarg (2010) and Pallavicini et al. (2012). Our goal is to provide a sound theoretical underpinning for some results presented in these papers by developing a unified framework for the non-linear approach to hedging and pricing of OTC financial contracts. We introduce a systematic approach to valuation and hedging in nonlinear markets, that is, in markets where cash flows of the financial contracts may depend on the hedging strategie…
Long-term relative arbitrage exists in markets where the excess growth rate of the market portfolio is bounded away from zero. Here it is shown that under a time-homogeneity hypothesis this condition will also imply the existence of relative arbitrage over arbitrarily short intervals.
We propose a hedging approach for general contingent claims when liquidity is a concern and trading is subject to transaction cost. Multiple assets with different liquidity levels are available for hedging. Our risk criterion targets a tradeoff between minimizing the risk against fluctuations in the stock price and incurring low liquidity costs. Following Çetin U., Jarrow R.A., and Protter P. (2004) we work in an arbitrage-free setting assuming a supply curve for each asset. In discrete time, following the ideas in Schweizer M. (1998) and Lamberton D., Pham H., Schweizer M. (1998) we prove the…
Markets composed of stocks with capitalization processes represented by positive continuous semimartingales are studied under the condition that the market excess growth rate is bounded away from zero. The following examples of these markets are given: i) a market with a singular covariance matrix and instantaneous relative arbitrage; ii) a market with a singular covariance matrix and no arbitrage; iii) a market with a nonsingular covariance matrix and no arbitrage; iv) a market with a nonsingular covariance matrix and relative arbitrage over an arbitrary time horizon.
We study arbitrage opportunities, market viability and utility maximization in market models with an insider. Assuming that an economic agent possesses from the beginning an additional information in the form of a random variable G, which only becomes known to the ordinary agents at date T, we give criteria for the No Unbounded Profits with Bounded Risk property to hold, characterize optimal arbitrage strategies, and prove duality results for the utility maximization problem faced by the insider. Examples of markets satisfying NUPBR yet admitting arbitrage opportunities are provided for both a…
We derive deterministic criteria for the existence and non-existence of equivalent (local) martingale measures for financial markets driven by multi-dimensional time-inhomogeneous diffusions. Our conditions can be used to construct financial markets in which the \emph{no unbounded profit with bounded risk} condition holds, while the classical \emph{no free lunch with vanishing risk} condition fails.
The capitalization-weighted total relative variation $\sum_{i=1}^d \int_0^\cdot μ_i (t) \mathrm{d} \langle \log μ_i \rangle (t)$ in an equity market consisting of a fixed number $d$ of assets with capitalization weights $μ_i (\cdot)$ is an observable and nondecreasing function of time. If this observable of the market is not just nondecreasing, but actually grows at a rate which is bounded away from zero, then strong arbitrage can be constructed relative to the market over sufficiently long time horizons. It has been an open issue for more than ten years, whether such strong outperformance of …
In this paper we study arbitrage theory of financial markets in the absence of a numéraire both in discrete and continuous time. In our main results, we provide a generalization of the classical equivalence between no unbounded profits with bounded risk (NUPBR) and the existence of a supermartingale deflator. To obtain the desired results, we introduce a new approach based on disintegration of the underlying probability space into spaces where the market crashes at deterministic times.
