来自MAROON-X和ESPRESSO的四颗围绕巴纳德星的亚地球行星
Four sub-Earth planets orbiting Barnard's Star from MAROON-X and ESPRESSO
AI总结：
本文利用MAROON-X的112条径向速度数据独立确认并强化了ESPRESSO发现的巴纳德星周围四颗亚地球行星，并排除了其宜居带内大于0.57倍地球质量的行星。
摘要：
巴纳德星是一颗古老的单颗M矮星，构成距离第二近的太阳系外系统。它在径向速度和天体测量方面有着悠久的声称行星探测历史。然而，这些声称的探测迄今为止都未能经受住进一步的审查。延续这一故事，来自ESPRESSO仪器的极端精密径向速度（EPRV）测量最近被用于识别巴纳德星周围四颗新的亚地球质量行星候选体。我们在此展示来自MAROON-X仪器的112条巴纳德星径向速度数据，这些数据是独立获得的，用于围绕这一引人注目的目标搜寻行星。这些数据的典型精度为30 cm s$^{-1}$，并且与已发表的ESPRESSO测量（2021--2023年）同期。仅凭MAROON-X数据就确认了行星b（$P$ = 3.154 d）以及行星候选体c和d（分别为$P$ = 4.124 d和2.340 d）。此外，将MAROON-X数据加入ESPRESSO数据增强了行星候选体e（$P$ = 6.739 d）的证据，从而使其得到确认。所有四颗行星的信号均小于50 cm s$^{-1}$，这些行星的最小质量范围从0.19到0.34 $M_{\oplus}$，并且该系统是已知的拥有低质量行星的晚型M矮星中最紧凑的系统之一。当前数据排除了巴纳德星宜居带（$P$ = 10--42 d）内质量大于0.57 $M_{\oplus}$的行星（具有99%的探测概率）。
英文摘要：
Barnard's Star is an old, single M dwarf star that comprises the second-closest extrasolar system. It has a long history of claimed planet detections from both radial velocities and astrometry. However, none of these claimed detections have so far withstood further scrutiny. Continuing this story, extreme precision radial velocity (EPRV) measurements from the ESPRESSO instrument have recently been used to identify four new sub-Earth-mass planet candidates around Barnard's Star. We present here 112 radial velocities of Barnard's Star from the MAROON-X instrument that were obtained independently to search for planets around this compelling object. The data have a typical precision of 30\,cm\,s$^{-1}$ and are contemporaneous with the published ESPRESSO measurements (2021 -- 2023). The MAROON-X data on their own confirm planet b ($P$\,=\,3.154\,d) and planet candidates c and d ($P$\,=\,4.124\,d and 2.340\,d, respectively). Furthermore, adding the MAROON-X data to the ESPRESSO data strengthens the evidence for planet candidate e ($P$\,=\,6.739\,d), thus leading to its confirmation. The signals from all four planets are $<$50\,cm\,s$^{-1}$, the minimum masses of the planets range from 0.19 to 0.34\,$M_{\oplus}$, and the system is among the most compact known among late M dwarfs hosting low-mass planets. The current data rule out planets with masses $>0.57\,M_{\oplus}$ (with a $99\%$ detection probability) in Barnard Star's habitable zone ($P$\,=\,10 -- 42\,d).
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