As artificial intelligence (AI) becomes increasingly embedded in healthcare delivery, this chapter explores the critical aspects of developing reliable and ethical Clinical Decision Support Systems (CDSS). Beginning with the fundamental transition from traditional statistical models to sophisticated machine learning approaches, this work examines rigorous validation strategies and performance assessment methods, including the crucial role of model calibration and decision curve analysis. The chapter emphasizes that creating trustworthy AI systems in healthcare requires more than just technical accuracy; it demands careful consideration of fairness, explainability, and privacy. The challenge of ensuring equitable healthcare delivery through AI is stressed, discussing methods to identify and mitigate bias in clinical predictive models. The chapter then delves into explainability as a cornerstone of human-centered CDSS. This focus reflects the understanding that healthcare professionals must not only trust AI recommendations but also comprehend their underlying reasoning. The discussion advances in an analysis of privacy vulnerabilities in medical AI systems, from data leakage in deep learning models to sophisticated attacks against model explanations. The text explores privacy-preservation strategies such as differential privacy and federated learning, while acknowledging the inherent trade-offs between privacy protection and model performance. This progression, from technical validation to ethical considerations, reflects the multifaceted challenges of developing AI systems that can be seamlessly and reliably integrated into daily clinical practice while maintaining the highest standards of patient care and data protection.
A new direction to promote the implementation of artificial intelligence in natural clinical settings
Institute of Computing Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences（中国科学院计算技术研究所）；University of Chinese Academy of Sciences（中国科学院大学）；Capital Medical University（首都医科大学）；Shenzhen University（深圳大学）
Artificial Intelligence : from Research to Application ; the Upper-Rhine Artificial Intelligence Symposium (UR-AI 2019)
TriRhenaTech联盟大学及其合作伙伴在2019年3月13日在奥芬堡举行的三国会议“人工智能：从研究到应用”上展示了他们在人工智能领域的能力以及与行业的跨境合作。TriRhenaTech联盟是上莱茵河三国大都市区的大学网络，包括位于富特旺根、凯泽斯滕、卡尔斯鲁厄和奥芬堡的德国应用科学大学，巴登-符腾堡州合作州立大学Loerrach，法国大学网络阿尔萨斯理工大学，瑞士国立大学（由14所工程、建筑和管理领域的“高等院校”组成）和瑞士西北应用科学与艺术大学（University of Applied Sciences and Arts Northwestern Switzerland）。该联盟的共同目标是加强知识、研究和技术的转移，以及学生的跨境流动。
Watershed of Artificial Intelligence: Human Intelligence, Machine Intelligence, and Biological Intelligence
University of Brasilia（巴西利亚大学）；University of Sao Paulo（圣保罗大学）
本文回顾了23年前提出的“一次学习”机制，以及随后在图像分类中的“一次性学习”和在客观检测中的“You Only Look Once - YOLO”的成功。分析了人工智能（AI）的发展现状，提出AI应明确划分为人工人类智能（AHI）、人工机器智能（AMI）和人工生物智能（ABI），这也将是AI理论和应用发展的主要方向。作为人工智能分支的分水岭，讨论了一些分类标准和方法：1）面向人类、面向机器和面向生物的人工智能研发; 2）通过模糊度上升或模糊度下降处理的信息输入; 3）使用一个/几个或大样本进行知识学习。
