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arXiv 2501.04098astro-ph.HEastro-ph.GAastro-ph.SR
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重温经典:论新星中尘埃形成的统计特征

Revisiting the Classics: On the Statistics of Dust Formation in Novae

Atticus Chong, Elias Aydi, Peter Craig, Laura Chomiuk, Ashley Stone, Jay Strader, Adam Kawash, Kirill V. Sokolovsky, Fred Walter

AI总结:

基于40颗新星的高质量光学/红外光变曲线开展统计分析,提出用峰值后红向颜色变化识别尘埃形成,发现50%–70%的新星形成尘埃,并揭示其与γ射线激波及演化速度的关系。

摘要:

尽管新星爆发会产生天体物理瞬变源中一些最常见且最剧烈的尘埃形成事件,但形成尘埃的新星的总体分布特征仍知之甚少。在此,我们对40颗拥有高质量光学/红外光变曲线的新星开展了一项尘埃形成统计研究,在定量区分形成尘埃与不形成尘埃新星的同时,探究尘埃事件的性质。我们发现50%–70%的新星会产生尘埃,显著高于以往估计。利用自可见光亮度峰值以来最大的红向(V−K)颜色变化,可以将形成尘埃的新星与未表现出尘埃形成的新星区分开来;(V−J)或(V−H)可提供有用但灵敏度较低的约束。这使得光学+红外测光成为定量研究新星尘埃形成的有力工具。我们发现,由Fermi-LAT探测到GeV γ射线的新星似乎比未被Fermi探测到的新星更常形成尘埃,这意味着产生γ射线的激波与尘埃产生之间可能存在联系。我们还发现,演化极快的新星(t2 < 10天)形成尘埃的可能性要低得多,这与以往发现一致。我们证实了t2与尘埃形成开始时间(发生在最大亮度后约1周至3个月)之间存在相关性,但得出结论认为,这主要是一种观测假象,其成因在于尘埃形成决定了新星何时降至峰值以下2个星等。形成尘埃的新星占比很高,这使它们成为我们银河系近邻中用以破解爆发性瞬变源周围尘埃形成之谜的理想实验室。

英文摘要:

While nova eruptions produce some of the most common and dramatic dust formation episodes among astrophysical transients, the demographics of dust-forming novae remain poorly understood. Here, we present a statistical study of dust formation in 40 novae with high-quality optical/IR light curves, quantitatively distinguishing dust-forming from non-dust-forming novae while exploring the properties of the dust events. We find that 50-70% of novae produce dust, significantly higher than previous estimates. Dust-forming novae can be separated from those that do not show dust formation by using the largest redward ($V-K$) colour change from peak visible brightness; ($V-J$) or ($V-H$) offer useful but less sensitive constraints. This makes optical+IR photometry a powerful tool to quantify dust formation in novae. We find that novae detected in GeV $γ$-rays by \emph{Fermi}-LAT appear to form dust more often than novae not detected by \emph{Fermi}, implying a possible connection between $γ$-ray producing shocks and dust production. We also find that novae that evolve very quickly ($t_2 < 10$ days) are much less likely to form dust, in agreement with previous findings. We confirm a correlation between $t_2$ and the time of the onset of dust formation (which occurs $\sim$1 week--3 months after maximum light), but conclude that it is primarily an observational artifact driven by dust formation determining when a nova drops 2 mag below peak. The significant fraction of novae that form dust make them ideal laboratories in our Galactic backyard to tackle the puzzle of dust formation around explosive transients.

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