The studies of transuranium nuclei are of vital significance in exploring the existence of the ``island of superheavy nuclei". This work presents the systematic investigations for the ground-state properties and structure evolutions of odd-$A$ transuranium Bk isotopes taking the deformed relativistic Hartree-Bogoliubov theory in continuum~(DRHBc) with PC-PK1 density functional, in comparison with those by spherical relativistic continuum Hartree-Bogoliubov~(RCHB) theory. The DRHBc calculations offer improved descriptions of the binding energies, closely aligning with the experimental data. The incorporation of deformation effects in DRHBc results in enhanced nuclear binding energies and a notable reduction in $α$-decay energies. With the rotational corrections further incorporated, the theoretical deviation by DRHBc from the experimental data is further reduced. Based on the two-neutron gap $δ_{\rm 2n}$ and the neutron pairing energy $E_{\rm pair}^n$, prominent shell closures at $N=184$ and $258$, as well as potential sub-shell structures at $N=142, 150, 162, 178, 218$, and $230$ are exhibited. A quasi-periodic variation among prolate, oblate, and spherical shapes as well as prolate deformation predominance have been shown in the evolutions of the quadrupole deformation. Possible shape coexistence is predicted in $^{331}$Bk with the oblate and prolate minima in close energies, which is further supported by the triaxial relativistic Hartree-Bogoliubov theory in continuum~(TRHBc) calculations. The neutron, proton, and charge radii predicted by DRHBc reveal pronounced kink structures at $N=184$ and $258$ in their evolutions with neutron number and compared to those by RCHB, deformation effect significantly enhances the radii of open-shell nuclei.
The Thermal Hartree-Fock-Bogoliubov approximation with reprojection to good quantum numbers is analyzed in a canonical ensemble. Simple recipes are given for the evaluation of traces, gradients and expectation values in the canonical ensemble.
After a brief review of the Hartree-Fock-Bogoliubov method with Skyrme effective interactions, we show how it can be applied to the description of various nuclear systems, from finite nuclei to neutron-star crusts.
A recently introduced scheme for the renormalization of the Hartree-Fock-Bogoliubov equations in the case of zero-range pairing interaction is extended to the relativistic Hartree-Bogoliubov model. A density-dependent strength parameter of the zero-range pairing is adjusted in such a way that the renormalization procedure reproduces the empirical $^1S_0$ pairing gap in isospin-symmetric nuclear matter. The model is applied to the calculation of ground-state pairing properties of finite spherical nuclei.
We propose a new method to solve the Hartree-Fock-Bogoliubov equations for weakly bound nuclei, which works for both spherical and axially deformed cases. In this approach, the quasiparticle wave functions are expanded in a complete set of analytical Poschl-Teller-Ginocchio and Bessel/Coulomb wave functions. Correct asymptotic properties of the quasiparticle wave functions are endowed in the proposed algorithm. Good agreement is obtained with the results of the Hartree-Fock-Bogoliubov calculation using the box boundary condition for a set of benchmark spherical and deformed nuclei.
A numerical method to solve time-dependent Hartree-Fock-Bogoliubov equation is proposed to treat the case with Gogny effective interaction. To check the feasibility of the method, it is applied to oxygen isotope O20 and small amplitude oscillations are calculated. The conservation of the nucleon numbers as well as energy expectation value is demonstrated. The strength distributions of the small amplitude quadrupole oscillations are also shown.
We investigate the pairing property of nuclear matter with Relativistic Hartree-Bogoliubov(RHB) approach. Recently, the RHB approach has been widely applied to nuclear matter and finite nuclei. We have extended the RHB approach to be able to include non-linear coupling terms of mesons. In this paper we apply it to nuclear matter and observe the effect of non-linear terms on pairing gaps.
We develop a complete Dirac-Hartree-Fock-Bogoliubov approximation to the ground state wave function and energy of finite nuclei. We apply it to spin-zero proton-proton and neutron-neutron pairing within the Dirac-Hartree-Bogoliubov approximation (we neglect the Fock term), using a zero-range approximation to the relativistic pairing tensor. We study the effects of the pairing on the properties of the even-even nuclei of the isotopic chains of Ca, Ni and Sn (spherical) and Kr and Sr (deformed), as well as the $N$=28 isotonic chain, and compare our results with experimental data and with other r…
We introduce a natural and simple to implement renormalization scheme of the Hartree-Fock-Bogoliubov (HFB) equations for the case of zero range pairing interaction. This renormalization scheme proves to be equivalent to a simple energy cut-off with a position dependent running coupling constant.
Charge radii of Sn, Ba, Yb, and Pb isotopes are calculated within Hartree-Fock-Bogoliubov theory with a Skyrme force and a density-dependent delta-force pairing. We investigate mean field effects of the pairing upon odd-even staggering of isotope shifts. HFB equations are solved in the canonical basis. Odd nuclei are treated in the blocking approximation.
We solve the Hartree-Fock-Bogoliubov (HFB) equations for a spherical mean field and a pairing potential with the inverse Hamiltonian method, which we have developed for the solution of the Dirac equation. This method is based on the variational principle for the inverse Hamiltonian, and is applicable to Hamiltonians that are bound neither from above nor below. We demonstrate that the method works well not only for the Dirac but also for the HFB equations.
The phenomenon of shape coexistence is studied in the Relativistic Hartree-Bogoliubov framework. Standard relativistic mean-field effective interactions do not reproduce the ground state properties of neutron-deficient Pt-Hg-Pb isotopes. It is shown that, in order to consistently describe binding energies, radii and ground state deformations of these nuclei, effective interactions have to be constructed which take into account the sizes of spherical shell gaps.
A formula to calculate a norm overlap between Hartree-Fock-Bogoliubov (HFB) states with the odd number parity (one quasi-particle excited states) is derived with help of the Grassmann numbers and the Fermion coherent states. The final form of the formula is expressed in terms of a product of the Pfaffian for a neighboring even-even system (the zero quasi-particle state), and an extra factor consisting of the Bogoliubov transformation matrix and the anti-symmetric matrix in Thouless' HFB ansatz for the even-even system.
The Relativistic Hartree-Bogoliubov model is applied in the analysis of ground-state properties of Be, B, C, N, F, Ne and Na isotopes. The model uses the NL3 effective interaction in the mean-field Lagrangian, and describes pairing correlations by the pairing part of the finite range Gogny interaction D1S. Neutron separation energies, quadrupole deformations, nuclear matter radii, and differences in radii of proton and neutron distributions are compared with recent experimental data.
Properties of density-dependent contact pairing interactions in nuclei are discussed. It is shown that the pairing interaction that is intermediate between surface and volume pairing forces gives the pairing gaps that are compatible with the experimental odd-even mass staggering. Results of the deformed Hartree-Fock-Bogoliubov calculations for this `mixed' pairing interaction, and using the transformed harmonic oscillator basis, are presented.
We calculate positions of one- and two-particle, proton and neutron drip lines within the Hartree-Fock-Bogoliubov theory using Skyrme interaction. We also determine an approximate $r$-process path defined as a line where the neutron binding energy is equal to 2~MeV. A weakening of the nuclear shell structure at drip lines is found and interpreted as resulting from a coupling with continuum states.
In order to describe the exotic nuclear structure in unstable odd-$A$ or odd-odd nuclei, the deformed relativistic Hartree Bogoliubov theory in continuum has been extended to incorporate the blocking effect due to the odd nucleon. For a microscopic and self-consistent description of pairing correlations, continuum, deformation, blocking effects, and the extended spatial density distribution in exotic nuclei, the deformed relativistic Hartree Bogoliubov equations are solved in a Woods-Saxon basis in which the radial wave functions have a proper asymptotic behavior at large $r$. The formalism an…
We have studied odd-even nuclear mass staggering with the Skyrme-Hartree-Fock-Bogoliubov theory by employing isoscalar and isovector contact pairing interactions. By reproducing the empirical odd-even mass differences of the Sn isotopic chain, the strengths of pairing interactions are determined. The optimal strengths adjusted in this work can give better description of odd-even mass differences than that fitted by reproducing the experimental neutron pairing gap of $^{120}$Sn.
We present a pfaffian formula for projection and symmetry restoration for wave functions of the general Bogoliubov form, including quasiparticle excited states and linear combinations of them. This solves a long-standing problem in calculating states of good symmetry, arising from the sign ambiguity of the commonly used determinant formula. A simple example is given of projecting good particle number and angular momentum from a Bogoliubov wave function in the Fock space of a single j-shell.
We investigated the role of a pairing correlation in the chemical composition of the inner crust of a neutron star with the extended Thomas-Fermi method, using the Strutinsky integral correction. We compare our results with the fully self-consistent Hartree-Fock-Bogoliubov approach, showing that the resulting discrepancy, apart from the very low density region, is compatible with the typical accuracy we can achieve with standard mean-field methods.
An extension of the time-dependent Hartree-Fock-Bogoliubov theory (ETDHFB) which includes higher-order effects such as screening of the pairing correlation is proposed. ETDHFB is applied to a fermion system trapped in a harmonic potential to test its feasability by comparison with the exact solution. With the use of perturbative expressions for the pairing tensor and the two-body density matrix derived from ETDHFB, the screening effect is investigated for atomic fermion systems and isotopes of tin nuclei. It is found that the screening effect on the pairing correlation is not significant.
The rotational and deformation properties of superdeformed fission isomers in the $A\sim 240$ mass region have been investigated within the framework of the cranked relativistic Hartree-Bogoliubov theory. The dependence of the results of the calculations on the parametrization of the RMF Lagrangian has been studied. The rotational properties are best described by the NL1 force.
The $N = 28$ shell gap in sulfur, argon, calcium and titanium isotopes is investigated in the framework of relativistic continuum Hartree-Bogoliubov (RCHB) theory. The evolutions of neutron shell gap, separation energy, single particle energy and pairing energy are analyzed, and it is found that $N = 28$ shell gap is quenched in sulfur isotopes but persists in argon, calcium and titanium isotopes. The evolution of $N = 28$ shell gap in $N = 28$ isotonic chain is discussed, and the erosion of $N = 28$ shell gap is understood with the evolution of potential with proton number.
Symmetry-projected Hartree-Fock-Bogoliubov (HFB) equations are derived using the variational ansatz for the generalized one-body density-matrix in the Valatin form. It is shown that the projected-energy functional can be completely expressed in terms of the HFB density-matrix and the pairing-tensor. The variation of this projected-energy is shown to result in HFB equations with modified expressions for the pairing-potential and the Hartree-Fock field. The expressions for these quantities are explicitly derived for the case of particle number-projection. The numerical applicability of this proj…
Ground-state properties of A = 20 nuclei ($^{20}$N, $^{20}$O, $^{20}$F, $^{20}$Ne, $^{20}$Na, $^{20}$Mg) are described in the framework of Relativistic Hartree-Bogoliubov (RHB) theory. The model uses the NL3 effective interaction in the mean-field Lagrangian, and describes pairing correlations by the pairing part of the finite range Gogny interaction D1S. Binding energies, quadrupole deformations, nuclear matter radii, and differences in radii of proton and neutron distributions are compared with recent experimental data.
Some general features of the spectrum of the Hartree-Fock-Bogoliubov equations are examined. Special attention is paid to the asymptotic behavior of the single quasiparticle wave functions (s.qp.w.fs.), matter density distribution and density of the pair condensate. It is shown that due to the coupling between hole and particle states,the deeply bound hole states acquire a width and have to be treated as continuum states. The proper normalization of the s.qp.w.fs. is discussed.
By performing fully 3D symmetry-unrestricted Skyrme-Hartree-Fock-Bogoliubov calculations, we discuss shape coexistence and possibility of exotic deformations simultaneously breaking the reflection and axial symmetries in proton-rich N=Z nuclei: 64Ge, 68Se, 72Kr, 76Sr, 80Zr and 84Mo. Results of calculation indicate that the oblate ground state of 68Se is extremely soft against the Y33 triangular deformation, and that the low-lying spherical minimum coexisting with the prolate ground state in 80Zr may be unstable against the Y32 tetrahedral deformation.
We present an overview of the Hartree-Fock-Bogoliubov (HFB) theory of nucleonic superfluidity for finite nuclei. After introducing basic concepts related to pairing correlations, we show how the correlated pairs are incorporated into the HFB wave function. Thereafter, we present derivation and structure of the HFB equations within the superfluid nuclear density functional formalism and discuss several aspects of the theory, including the unitarity of the Bogoliubov transformation in truncated single-particle and quasiparticle spaces, form of the pairing functional, structure of the HFB continu…
We perform particle-number projected mean-field study using the recently developed symmetry-projected Hartree-Fock-Bogoliubov (HFB) equations. Realistic calculations have been performed in sd- and fp-shell nuclei using the shell model empirical intearctions, USD and GXPFIA. It is demonstrated that the mean-field results for energy surfaces, obtained with these shell model interactions, are quite similar to those obtained using the density functional approaches. Further, it is shown that particle-number projected results, for neutron rich isotopes, can lead to different ground-state shapes in c…
The Relativistic Hartree-Fock-Bogoliubov model for axially deformed nuclei (RHFBz) is introduced. The model is based on an effective Lagrangian with density-dependent meson-nucleon couplings in the particle-hole channel, and the pairing part of the Gogny force is used in the pairing channel. The RHFBz quasiparticle equations are solved by expansion in the basis of a deformed harmonic oscillator. Illustrative RHFBz calculations are performed for Carbon, Neon and Magnesium isotopes. The effect of the explicitly including the pion field is investigated for binding energies, deformation parameters…
We formulate a new scheme of the Hartree-Fock-Bogoliubov mean-field theory applicable to weakly bound and pair correlated deformed nuclei using the coordinate-space Green's function technique. On the basis of a coupled-channel representation of the quasiparticle wave function expanded in terms of the partial waves, we impose the correct boundary condition of the asymptotically out-going waves on the continuum quasiparticle states. We perform numerical analysis for $^{38}$Mg to illustrate properties of the continuum quasiparticle states and the pair correlation in deformed nuclei near the neutr…
Ground-state properties of deformed proton-rich odd-Z nuclei in the region $59 \leq Z \leq 69$ are described in the framework of Relativistic Hartree Bogoliubov (RHB) theory. One-proton separation energies and ground-state quadrupole deformations that result from fully self-consistent microscopic calculations are compared with available experimental data. The model predicts the location of the proton drip-line, the properties of proton emitters beyond the drip-line, and provides information about the deformed single-particle orbitals occupied by the odd valence proton.
Properties of transitional Lu and spherical Ta ground-state proton emitters are calculated with the Relativistic Hartree Bogoliubov (RHB) model. The NL3 effective interaction is used in the mean-field Lagrangian, and pairing correlations are described by the pairing part of the finite range Gogny interaction D1S. Proton separation energies, ground-state quadrupole deformations, single-particle orbitals occupied by the odd valence proton, and the corresponding spectroscopic factors are compared with recent experimental data, and with results of the macroscopic-microscopic mass model.
The transfer reaction between two nuclei in the superfluid phase is studied with the Time-dependent Hartree-Fock-Bogoliubov (TDHFB) theory. In order to restore the symmetry of the relative gauge angle a set of independent TDHFB evolutions is done. Then the transfer probability is computed using a triple projection method. This method is first tested to determine the transfer probabilities on a toy model and compared to the exact solution. It is then applied to the reactions $^{20}$O+$^{20}$O and $^{14}$O+$^{20}$O in a realistic framework with a Gogny interaction.
We calculate the specific heat of the inner crust of neutron stars within a local-density approximation to an improved relativistic Hartree-Bogoliubov theory. Non-uniformness of the system enhances the specific heat in particular at low temperatures. The degree of enhancement is similar to that in the spherical phase of Elgarøy et al. We examine a schematic interpolation between the results of Broglia et al. adopting the Gogny force and ours based on the Lagrangian of the relativistic mean field model.
Single-particle resonant states, also called Gamow states, as well as bound and scattering states of complex energy form a complete set, the Berggren completeness relation. It is the building block of the recently introduced Gamow Shell Model, where weakly bound and resonant nuclear wave functions are expanded with a many-body basis of Slater Determinants generated by this set of single-particle states. However, Gamow states have never been studied in the context of Hartree-Fock-Bogoliubov theory, except in the Bardeen-Cooper-Schriefer (BCS) approximation, where both the upper and lower compon…
A C++ code for the solution of the relativistic Hartree-Bogoliubov theory in coordinate space is presented. The theory describes a nucleus as a relativistic system of baryons and mesons. The RHB model is applied in the self-consistent mean-field approximation to the description of ground state properties of spherical nuclei. Finite range interactions are included to describe pairing correlations and the coupling to particle continuum states. Finite element methods are used in the coordinate space discretization of the coupled system of Dirac-Hartree-Bogoliubov integro-differential eigenvalue e…
A study of rotational properties of the ground superdeformed bands in \Hg{0}, \Hg{2}, \Hg{4}, and \Pb{4} is presented. We use the cranked Hartree-Fock-Bogoliubov method with the {\skm} parametrization of the Skyrme force in the particle-hole channel and a seniority interaction in the pairing channel. An approximate particle number projection is performed by means of the Lipkin-Nogami prescription. We analyze the proton and neutron quasiparticle routhians in connection with the present information on about thirty presently observed superdeformed bands in nuclei close neighbours of \Hg{2}.
Weakly-bound deformed nuclei have been studied by the Skyrme Hartree-Fock-Bogoliubov (HFB) approach in large coordinate-space boxes. In particular, the box-size dependence of the HFB calculations of weakly-bound deformed nuclei are investigated, including the particle density and pairing density distributions at nuclear surfaces, the near-threshold resonant and continuum quasiparticle spectra, and energetic properties. The box size may have larger influences in pairing properties than in other bulk properties. We demonstrate that large-box calculations of weakly-bound nuclei are important to p…
In a previous work [Int. J. Mod. Phys. E 24, 1550073 (2015)], hereafter referred as paper I, we have investigated the ground-state properties of Nd, Ce and Sm isotopes within Hartree-Fock-Bogoliubov method with SLy5 skyrme force in which the pairing strength has been generalized with a new proposed formula. However, that formula is more appropriate for the region of Nd. In this work, we have studied the ground-state properties of both even-even and odd Mo and Ru isotopes. For this, we have used Hartree- Fock-Bogoliubov method with SLy4 skyrme force, and a new formula of the pairing strength wh…
We present a new formula to calculate matrix elements of a general unitary operator with respect to Hartree-Fock-Bogoliubov states allowing multiple quasi-particle excitations. The Balian-Brézin decomposition of the unitary operator (Il Nuovo Cimento B 64, 37 (1969)) is employed in the derivation. We found that this decomposition is extremely suitable for an application of Fermion coherent state and Grassmann integrals in the quasi-particle basis. The resultant formula is compactly expressed in terms of the Pfaffian, and shows the similar bipartite structure to the formula that we have previou…
A numerical method to integrate the time-dependent Hartree-Fock Bogoliubov (TDHFB) equations with Gogny interaction is proposed. The feasibility of the TDHFB code is illustrated by the conservation of the energy, particle numbers, and center-of-mass in the small amplitude vibrations of oxygen 20. The TDHFB code is applied to the isoscalar quadrupole and/or isovector dipole vibrations in the linear (small amplitude) region in oxygen isotopes (masses A = 18,20,22 and 24), titanium isotopes (A = 44,50,52 and 54), neon isotope (A = 26), and magnesium isotopes (A = 24 and 34). The isoscalar quadrup…
The coordinate-space representation of the Hartree-Fock-Bogoliubov theory is the method of choice to study weakly bound nuclei whose properties are affected by the quasiparticle continuum space. To describe such systems, we developed a three-dimensional Skyrme-Hartree-Fock-Bogoliubov solver HFBFFT based on the existing, highly optimized and parallelized Skyrme-Hartree-Fock code Sky3D. The code does not impose any self-consistent spatial symmetries such as mirror inversions or parity. The underlying equations are solved in HFBFFT directly in the canonical basis using the fast Fourier transform.…
The relativistic mean-field effective interaction with density-dependent meson-nucleon couplings DD-ME1 is tested in the calculation of deformed nuclei. Ground-state properties of six isotopic chains ($60\le Z \le 70$) in the region of rare-earth nuclei are calculated by using the relativistic Hartree-Bogoliubov (RHB) model with the DD-ME1 mean-field interaction, and with the Gogny D1S force for the pairing interaction. Results of fully self-consistent RHB calculations for the total binding energies, charge isotope shifts and quadrupole deformation parameters are compared with the available em…
The quasi-particle energy spectrum of the Hartree-Fock-Bogoliubov (HFB) equations contains discrete bound states, resonances, and non-resonant continuum states. We study the structure of the unbound quasi-particle spectrum of weakly bound nuclei within several methods that do not rely on imposing scattering or outgoing boundary conditions. Various approximations are examined to estimate resonance widths. It is shown that the stabilization method works well for all HFB resonances except for very narrow ones. The Thomas-Fermi approximation to the non-resonant continuum has been shown to be very …
A systematic investigation of the yrast superdeformed (SD) rotational bands in even-even nuclei of the $A\sim 190$ mass region has been performed within the framework of the cranked relativistic Hartree-Bogoliubov theory. The particle-hole channel of this theory is treated fully relativistically, while a finite range two-body force of Gogny type is used in the particle-particle (pairing) channel. Using the well established parameter sets NL1 for the Lagrangian and D1S for the Gogny force, very good description of experimental data is obtained with no adjustable parameters.
In this work, we have studied ground-state properties of both even-even and odd Nd isotopes within Hartree-Fock-Bogoliubov method with SLy5 Skyrme force in which the pairing strength has been generalized with a new proposed formula. We calculated bind- ing energies, two-neutron separation energies, quadrupole deformation, charge, neutron and proton radii. Similar calculations have been carried out for Ce and Sm in order to verify the validity of our pairing strength formula. The results have been compared with available experimental data, the results of Hartree-Fock-Bogoliubov calculations bas…
We describe the new version 4.0 of the code hfbtho that solves the nuclear Hartree-Fock-Bogoliubov problem by using the deformed harmonic oscillator basis in cylindrical coordinates. In the new version, we have implemented the restoration of rotational, particle number, and reflection symmetry. The restoration of rotational symmetry does not require using bases closed under rotation. Furthermore, the SeaLL1 functional was added and the calculation of the Coulomb potential was improved. Finally, the code has been refactored to facilitate maintenance and future developments.
Evolution of the shell structure of nuclei near the neutron drip line is investigated in the Relativistic Hartree-Bogoliubov (RHB) theory. By introducing the vector self-coupling of $ω$ meson in the RHB theory, we reproduce successfully the experimental data on the shell effects about the waiting-point nucleus $^{80}$Zn. With this basis, it is shown that the shell effects at N=82 in the inaccessible region of the r-process path remain strong. In contrast, a quenching exhibited by the HFB+SkP approach is shown to be incompatible with the available data. Consequently, the neutrino-driven mechani…
The proton-neutron relativistic quasiparticle random phase approximation (PN-RQRPA) is formulated in the canonical single-nucleon basis of the relativistic Hartree-Bogoliubov (RHB) model, for an effective Lagrangian characterized by density-dependent meson-nucleon couplings. The model includes both the T=1 and T=0 pairing channels. Pair configurations formed from the fully or partially occupied states of positive energy in the Fermi sea, and the empty negative-energy states from the Dirac sea, are included in PN-RQRPA configuration space. The model is applied to the analysis of charge-exchange…
Quadrupole excitations of neutron-rich nuclei are analyzed by using the linear response method in the Quasiparticle Random Phase Approximation (QRPA). The QRPA response is derived starting from the time-dependent Hartree-Fock-Bogoliubov (HFB) equations. The residual interaction between the quasiparticles is determined consistently from the two-body force used in the HFB equations, and the continuum coupling is treated exactly. Calculations are done for the neutron-rich oxygen isotopes. It is found that pairing correlations affect the low-lying states, and that a full treatment of the continuum…
Within the relativistic Hartree-Fock-Bogoliubov (RHFB) theory, the structure properties of Carbon isotopes are systematically studied. In order to reproduce the experiment data, we take the finite-range Gogny D1S with a strength factor $f$ as the pairing force. The self-consistent RHFB calculations with density-dependent meson-nucleon couplings indicate the single-neutron halo structures in both $^{17}$C and $^{19}$C, whereas the two-neutron halo in $^{22}$C is not well supported. It is also found that close to the neutron drip line there exists distinct odd-even staggering on neutron radii, w…
A recently introduced separable pairing force for relativistic Hartree-Bogoliubov (RHB) calculations, adjusted in nuclear matter to the pairing gap of the Gogny force, is employed in the 3D RHB model for triaxial shapes. The pairing force is separable in momentum space but, when transformed to coordinate space in calculations of finite nuclei, it is no longer separable because of translational invariance. The corresponding pairing matrix elements are represented as a sum of a finite number of separable terms in the basis of a 3D harmonic oscillator. The 3D RHB model is applied to the calculati…
We formulate a continuum linear response theory on the basis of the Hartree-Fock-Bogoliubov formalism in the coordinate space representation in order to describe low-lying and high-lying collective excitations which couple to one-particle and two-particle continuum states. Numerical analysis is done for the neutron drip-line nucleus $^{24}$O. A low-lying collective mode that emerges above the continuum threshold with large neutron strength is analyzed. The collective state is sensitive to the density-dependence of the pairing. The present theory satisfies accurately the energy weighted sum rul…
The $α$-decay energies ($Q_α$) are systematically investigated with the nuclear masses for $10 \leq Z \leq 120$ isotopes obtained by the relativistic continuum Hartree-Bogoliubov (RCHB) theory with the covariant density functional PC-PK1, and compared with available experimental values. It is found that the $α$-decay energies deduced from the RCHB results present similar pattern as those from available experiments. Owing to the large predicted $Q_α$ values ($\geq$ 4 MeV), many undiscovered heavy nuclei in the proton-rich side and super-heavy nuclei may have large possibilities for $α$-decay. T…
The Relativistic Hartree Bogoliubov (RHB) model is applied in the self-consistent mean-field approximation to the description of the neutron halo in the mass region above the s-d shell. Pairing correlations and the coupling to particle continuum states are described by finite range two-body forces. Finite element methods are used in the coordinate space discretization of the coupled system of Dirac-Hartree-Bogoliubov integro-differential eigenvalue equations, and Klein-Gordon equations for the meson fields. Calculations are performed for the isotopic chains of Ne and C nuclei. We find evidence…
A deformed relativistic Hartree-Bogoliubov (DRHB) model is developed aiming at a proper description of exotic nuclei, particularly deformed ones with large spatial extension. In order to give an adequate description of both the contribution of the continuum and the large spatial distribution in exotic nuclei, the DRHB equations are solved in a Woods-Saxon basis in which the radial wave functions have proper asymptotic behaviors at large distance from the nuclear center which is crucial for the formation of halo. The formalism and the numerical procedure of the DRHB model in a Woods-Saxon basis…
The Relativistic Hartree Bogoliubov theory is applied in the mean-field approximation to the description of properties of light nuclei with large neutron excess. Pairing correlations and the coupling to particle continuum states are described by finite range two-body forces. Using standard parameter sets for the mean-field Lagrangian and the pairing interaction of Gogny-type, self-consistent solutions in coordinate space are calculated for the ground states of a number of neutron-rich nuclei. The model predicts the location of the neutron drip-line, reduction of the spin-orbit interaction, $rm…
We present exact Hartree-Fock-Bogoliubov calculations with the finite range density dependent Gogny force using a triaxial basis. For the first time, all contributions to the Pairing and Fock Fields arising from the Gogny and Coulomb interactions as well as the two-body correction of the kinetic energy have been calculated in this basis. We analyze the relevance of these terms in different regions of the periodic table at zero and high angular momentum. The validity of commonly used approximations that neglect different terms in the variational equations is also checked. We find a decrease of …
Using the Hartree-Fock-Bogoliubov (HFB) mean field theory in coordinate space, we investigate ground state properties of the sulfur isotopes from the line of stability up to the two-neutron dripline ($^{34-52}S$). In particular, we calculate two-neutron separation energies, quadrupole moments, and rms-radii for protons and neutrons. Evidence for shape coexistence is found in the very neutron-rich sulfur isotopes. We compare our calculations with results from relativistic mean field theory and with available experimental data. We also study the properties of neutron-rich zirconium ($^{102,104}Z…
Ground-state properties of spherical even-even nuclei $14\leq Z \leq 28$ and $N=18,20,22$ are described in the framework of Relativistic Hartree Bogoliubov (RHB) theory. The model uses the NL3 effective interaction in the mean-field Lagrangian, and describes pairing correlations by the pairing part of the finite range Gogny interaction D1S. Binding energies, two-proton separation energies, and proton $rms$ radii that result from fully self-consistent RHB solutions are compared with experimental data. The model predicts the location of the proton drip-line. The isospin dependence of the effecti…
