非均匀手性物体在偏离热平衡时的自发力矩
Spontaneous Torque on an Inhomogeneous Chiral Body out of Thermal Equilibrium
AI总结：
本文将先前非均匀物体偏离热平衡时产生自发力的研究推广至力矩，发现非均匀手性物体在偏离热平衡时会产生自发力矩，并最终达到可观测的终端角速度。
摘要：
在先前的论文中，我们证明了真空中非均匀物体若与环境未达热平衡，将受到自发作用力。这源于该物体发射的不对称渐近辐射图样。我们通过电极化率幂级数展开论证了这种自驱动力：一阶项会产生力矩，但前提是构成物体的材料是非互易的；一阶项下不产生力。对于由普通（互易）材料构成的物体，二阶项下确实会产生力。本文将这些考量推广至力矩。正如预期，偏离热平衡的非均匀手性物体也会出现自发力矩。一旦手性物体开始旋转，它会受到微小的量子摩擦力矩，但更重要的是，除非有机制维持非平衡态，否则会发生热化：物体会迅速与真空达到热平衡，角加速度将基本变为零。对于小型甚至大型非均匀手性物体，最终将产生终端角速度，这似乎处于可观测范围内。
英文摘要：
In a previous paper we showed that an inhomogeneous body in vacuum will experience a spontaneous force if it is not in thermal equilibrium with its environment. This is due to the asymmetric asymptotic radiation pattern such an object emits. We demonstrated this self-propulsive force by considering an expansion in powers of the electric susceptibility: A torque arises in first order, but only if the material constituting the body is nonreciprocal. No force arises in first order. A force does occur for bodies made of ordinary (reciprocal) materials in second order. Here we extend these considerations to the torque. As one would expect, a spontaneous torque will also appear on an inhomogeneous chiral object if it is out of thermal equilibrium with its environment. Once a chiral body starts to rotate, it will experience a small quantum frictional torque, but much more important, unless a mechanism is provided to maintain the nonequilibrium state, is thermalization: The body will rapidly reach thermal equilibrium with the vacuum, and the angular acceleration will essentially become zero. For a small, or even a large, inhomogeneous chiral body, a terminal angular velocity will result, which seems to be in the realm of observability.
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