Geomagnetically Induced Current (GIC) refers to the electromagnetic response of the Earth and its conductive modern infrastructures to space weather and would pose a significant threat to high-voltage power grids designed for the alternative current operation. To assess the impact of space weather on the power grid, one needs to calculate the GIC on a national or continental scale. In this study, we developed a smart and parallelized GIC modelling algorithm, Graph GIC. This algorithm deploys a graph representing a power grid in a single-line diagram, in which substations/transformers act as nodes and transmission lines as edges. With these denotations, a power grid and its electric parameters are mathematically represented with an adjacency matrix and an admittance matrix. We used sparse matrix and parallelisation techniques to expedite the intensive computation in cases of large-scale power grids. The Graph GIC was validated with a benchmark grid, applied to the GIC calculation of the 500 kV power grid of Guangdong, China, and conducted preliminary analysis on the grid's susceptibility to geomagnetic storms. The Graph GIC algorithm has the advantage of an intuitive and highly scalable graph representation of a power grid at any scale. It achieves high-accuracy calculation and a speedup of about 18 times after parallelisation. This algorithm could be applied to assess the impact of space weather on a power grid up to continental scales and could be incorporated into global space weather modelling frameworks.
Geomagnetically Induced Currents in the Irish Power Network during Geomagnetic Storms
地磁感应电流是地球空间天气的一种常见危害。它们发生在电力传输网络中，已知在高纬度和中纬度国家都有不利影响。在这里，我们研究了五次地磁风暴（2016年3月6日至7日、2015年12月20日至21日、2015年3月17日至18日、2003年10月29日至31日和1989年3月13日至14日）期间爱尔兰输电网络（地磁纬度54.7--58.5 $^{\circ}$ N）中的GIC。本文采用平面波法模拟了大地电场，并建立了大地电磁模型。然后计算了220、275和400 kV输电网络的GIC。在所研究的最大风暴期间，用我们的MT模式计算的峰值电场高达3.8 V km \textsuperscript{-1}，伴随的GIC高达23 A。用均匀电阻率模型计算，其峰值分别为1.46 V km \textsuperscript{-1}和25.8 A.我们发现，三个400和275千伏变电站是最有可能的位置，爱尔兰Transformers经历大GIC。
First direct observations of interplanetary shock impact angle effects on actual geomagnetically induced currents: The case of the Finnish natural gas pipeline system
A gray-box model for a probabilistic estimate of regional ground magnetic perturbations: Enhancing the NOAA operational Geospace model with machine learning
Space Weather: From Solar Origins to Risks and Hazards Evolving in Time
空间天气是空间物理学中对人类有直接影响的部分。空间天气是空间物理学的一个古老分支，起源于1808年伟大的博物学家亚历山大·冯·洪堡（Alexander von Humboldt，1808）发表的一篇论文。空间天气目前正在经历爆炸式增长，因为它对人类技术的影响越来越多样化。空间天气是由于太阳过程的变化造成的行星际、磁层、电离层、大气层和地面效应。空间天气有时会对技术系统和人类健康产生强烈影响。这些威胁和风险不是假设的，一旦发生极端空间天气事件，后果可能对人类相当严重。审查的目的是对造成空间天气风险和危害的整个物理过程链作一个简要的总体介绍，追踪这些风险和危害从太阳起源到行星际空间、地球磁层和电离层以及地面上的影响和冲击。该论文表明，与空间天气相关的风险并不是长期不变的;随着我们的社会技术越来越先进，这些风险也在不断演变。本文首先简要介绍了卡林顿事件。接下来，对已知最强的空间天气过程的描述进行了回顾。简要介绍了磁暴和亚磁暴的概念。还考虑了空间天气的主要效应/影响，包括被认为会造成停电的地磁感应电流。还将讨论辐射对航空电子设备和人类健康的影响、电离层效应和影响以及热层效应和卫星阻力。最后，我们将讨论当前空间天气预报面临的挑战，并研究一些最坏的情况。
