IRAS F01004-2237中相隔十年的复发潮汐瓦解事件
Recurring tidal disruption events a decade apart in IRAS F01004-2237
AI总结：
本研究在IRAS F01004-2237中发现了相隔约10.3年的第二次光学耀斑，通过多波段分析确认其为潮汐瓦解事件，并探讨了其作为重复部分TDE或独立TDE的可能性及未来观测预测。
摘要：
我们报告了在IRAS F01004-2237中发现的第二次光学耀斑，该耀斑发生于2021年9月，而此前已报告过该星系在2010年发生的首次耀斑，并在此呈现多波段数据的详细分析。耀斑位置与星系中心重合，精度为650 pc。耀斑在约50天内达到峰值，绝对星等约为-21，并在两年内衰减，大致遵循$L\propto t^{-5/3}$的规律。在后期，它保持约22,000 K的几乎恒定的黑体温度。其光学和紫外光谱显示出氢和氦的宽发射线，半高全宽为7,000--21,000 km s$^{-1}$，He II/H$α$比值为0.3--2.3。相对于紫外辐射，它表现出较弱的X射线发射，X射线耀斑持续不到2-3周，期间光谱较软，幂律指数为$Γ=4.4^{+1.4}_{-1.3}$。这些特征与潮汐瓦解事件（TDE）一致，排除了超新星或活动星系核耀斑的可能性。使用TDE模型，我们推断峰值紫外光度为$3.3\pm0.2\times10^{44}$ erg s$^{-1}$，能量预算为$4.5\pm0.2\times10^{51}$ erg。相隔$10.3\pm0.3$年的两次光学耀斑可被解释为重复的部分TDE、双TDE或两次独立的TDE。尽管尚无定论，但部分TDE解释预测在2033年左右会出现第三次耀斑，而独立TDE解释预测F01004-2237中的TDE发生率较高（$\gtrsim10^{-2}$ yr$^{-1}$），两者均可通过未来观测进行检验。
英文摘要：
We report the discovery of a second optical flare that occurred in September 2021 in IRAS F01004-2237, where the first flare occurred in 2010 has been reported, and present a detailed analysis of multi-band data. The position of the flare coincides with the galaxy centre with a precision of 650 pc. The flare peaks in $\sim50$ days with an absolute magnitude of $\sim-21$ and fades in two years roughly following $L\propto t^{-5/3}$. It maintains a nearly constant blackbody temperature of $\sim$22,000 K in the late time. Its optical and UV spectra show hydrogen and helium broad emission lines with full width at half maxima of 7,000--21,000 km s$^{-1}$ and He II/H$α$ ratio of 0.3--2.3. It shows weak X-ray emission relative to UV emission, with X-ray flares lasting for $<2-3$ weeks, during which the spectrum is soft with a power-law index $Γ=4.4^{+1.4}_{-1.3}$. These characters are consistent with a tidal disruption event (TDE), ruling out the possibilities of a supernova or an active galactic nuclei flare. With a TDE model, we infer a peak UV luminosity of $3.3\pm0.2\times10^{44}$ erg s$^{-1}$ and an energy budget of $4.5\pm0.2\times10^{51}$ erg. The two optical flares separated by $10.3\pm0.3$ years can be interpreted as repeating partial TDEs, double TDEs, or two independent TDEs. Although no definitive conclusion can be drawn, the partial TDEs interpretation predicts a third flare around 2033, and the independent TDEs interpretation predicts a high TDE rate of $\gtrsim10^{-2}$ yr$^{-1}$ in F01004-2237, both of which can be tested by future observations.
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