独特太阳活动区 NOAA 13664 的极强非中和电流
The extremely strong non-neutralized electric currents of the unique solar active region NOAA 13664
AI总结：
本研究基于光球向量磁图分析了活动区NOAA 13664非中和电流的时空演化，发现其总无符号非中和电流和平均注入率为迄今观测最强，揭示了该区域极端磁复杂性与强烈耀斑活动的联系。
摘要：
2024年5月，极其复杂的活动区 National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) 13664 产生了自2003年以来最强的地磁暴。本研究旨在从光球电流角度探讨 NOAA 13664 极端磁复杂性的发展。非中和电流由 Solar Dynamics Observatory 搭载的 Helioseismic and Magnetic Imager 提供的光球向量磁图推导得出。计算方法基于图像处理、阈值化和误差分析。研究了该区域及其组成子区域的非中和电流的时空演化，并与其它复杂、耀斑频发的活动区进行了对比。活动区 NOAA 13664 由三个子区域浮现和相互作用形成，其中两个子区域具有显著的个体复杂性。它包含大量持续携带电流的磁分区，这些磁分区在区域内多个位置表现出明显的运动期和强烈增加的电流。这些时期之后伴随强烈且反复的耀斑。总无符号非中和电流和平均注入率分别达到 $5.95 \cdot 10^{13}$ A 和 $1.5 \cdot 10^{13}$ A/day，为迄今观测最强，显著超过 Solar Cycle 24 和 25 的其它超级活动区。活动区 NOAA 13664 呈现出独特的复杂性。进一步审视超级活动区浮现和发展期间净电流的时空变化，对于理解复杂区域的起源和不利空间天气至关重要。
英文摘要：
In May 2024, the extremely complex active region National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) 13664 produced the strongest geomagnetic storm since 2003. The aim of this study is to explore the development of the extreme magnetic complexity of NOAA 13664 in terms of its photospheric electric current. The non-neutralized electric current is derived from photospheric vector magnetograms, provided by the Helioseismic and Magnetic Imaged onboard the Solar Dynamics Observatory. The calculation method is based on image processing, thresholding and error analysis. The spatial and temporal evolution of the non-neutralized electric current of the region as well as its constituent sub-regions is examined. For context, a comparison with other complex, flare-prolific active regions is provided. Active region NOAA 13664 was formed by the emergence and interaction of three sub-regions, two of which were of notable individual complexity. It consisted of numerous persistent, current-carrying magnetic partitions that exhibited periods of conspicuous motions and strongly increasing electric current at many locations within the region. These periods were followed by intense and repeated flaring. The total unsigned non-neutralized electric currents and average injection rates reached $5.95 \cdot 10^{13}$ A and $1.5 \cdot 10^{13}$ A/day, and were the strongest observed so far, significantly surpassing other super-active regions of Solar Cycle 24 and 25. Active region NOAA 13664 presents a unique case of complexity. Further scrutiny of the spatial and temporal variation of the net electric currents during the emergence and development of super-active regions is paramount to understand the origin of complex regions and adverse space weather.
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