在2024年5月10-11日历史性地磁暴背景下解析太阳超级活动区13664的特性
Deconstructing the Properties of Solar Super Active Region 13664 in the Context of the Historic Geomagnetic Storm of 2024 May 10-11
AI总结：
本研究针对2024年5月引发近二十年最强地磁暴的太阳活动区AR 13664开展首次全面磁特性分析，确认其为罕见超级活动区，明确了其在历史观测中的百分位排名与耀斑关联规律，为同类研究提供范式。
摘要：
太阳-恒星活动对行星环境的影响是日地系统以及系外行星系统领域备受关注的研究课题。尤其是耀斑、日冕物质抛射等极端事件，会对行星大气产生深远影响。2024年5月，太阳上一个尺寸超过地球百倍的磁活动区（AR 13664）释放了大量高能X级耀斑及伴随的物质抛射，其在5月10-11日对地球造成的冲击（地磁暴）是过去二十年来最强的一次。\n我们首次对催生这些耀斑的活动区磁特性开展了全面分析，确认其为具备极罕见物理特征的超级活动区，同时揭示了该系统的能量注入速率与耀斑过程的关联。我们的工作阐明了如何识别太阳与恒星上的高产耀斑超级活动区，以及它们的显著物理特性。具体而言，我们将AR 13664置于1874年5月至2024年6月的累计历史时段中进行对比，发现其面积在该时段所有活动区中处于99.95百分位，磁通量在1996年4月至2024年6月的所有活动区中处于99.10百分位。分析表明，在2010年5月至2024年6月太阳动力学观测台（Solar Dynamic Observatory）SHARP数据系列记录的所有活动区中，AR 13664的五项磁特性位列最高。此外，我们证实AR 13664在耀斑相关参数快速上升后进入最具活力的高产耀斑状态，且其产生的X级耀斑在参数峰值附近出现得更为频繁。本研究确认AR 13664为太阳超级活动区，并为研究这类活动区的耀斑相关物理特征提供了范式。
英文摘要：
The impact of solar-stellar activity on planetary environments is a topic of great interest within the Sun-Earth system as well as exoplanetary systems. In particular, extreme events such as flares and coronal mass ejections have a profound effect on planetary atmospheres. In May this year, a magnetic active region on the Sun (AR 13664) -- with a size exceeding hundred times that of Earth -- unleashed a large number of high energy X-class flares and associated mass ejections. The resulting Earth impact (geomagnetic storm) on May 10-11 was the strongest in the last two decades. We perform the first comprehensive analysis of the magnetic properties of the active region that spawned these flares and identify this to be a super active region with very rare physical characteristics. We also demonstrate how the rate of energization of the system is related to the flaring process. Our work illuminates how flare productive super active regions on the Sun and stars can be identified and what are their salient physical properties. Specifically, we put AR 13664 in historical context over the cumulative period of 1874 May-2024 June. We find that AR 13664 stands at 99.95 percentile in the distribution of area over 1874 May-2024 June, and at 99.10 percentile in terms of flux content among all ARs over the period 1996 April-2024 June. Our analysis indicates that five of its magnetic properties rank highest among all ARs recorded in SHARP data series during 2010 May-2024 June by the Solar Dynamic Observatory. Furthermore, we demonstrate that AR 13664 reached its most dynamic flare productive state following a rapid rate of rise of its flare-relevant parameters and that the X-class flares it spawned were more frequent near their peak values. Our analyses establish AR 13644 to be solar super active region and provide a paradigm for investigating their flare-relevant physical characteristics.
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