宇宙超弦、亚稳态弦和超轻原初黑洞：从NANOGrav到LIGO及更远
Cosmic superstrings, metastable strings and ultralight primordial black holes: from NANOGrav to LIGO and beyond
AI总结：
本研究提出超轻原初黑洞通过早期物质主导阶段降低高频引力波振幅，缓解LIGO与PTA数据间张力，并利用未来探测器探索其性质。
摘要：
虽然拓扑稳定的宇宙弦因脉冲星计时阵列（PTA）最近观测到的纳赫兹随机引力波（GW）而不受青睐，例如NANOGrav，但宇宙亚稳态弦和超弦并非如此。然而，由于所有类型的弦产生的引力波通常跨越很宽的频率范围，它们与LIGO在$f\sim$25 Hz频段未观测到随机引力波相矛盾，对于PTA数据所青睐的大量弦参数空间而言。假设早期宇宙中存在超轻原初黑洞（$M_{\rm BH}<10^9$ g）。在这种情况下，它们通过提供早期物质主导阶段来降低较高频率下的引力波振幅，从而缓解LIGO观测与PTA数据之间的紧张关系。我们表明，最近的PTA数据辅以未来的LIGO-Virgo-KAGRA（LVK）运行以及LISA和ET等探测器，将能够探测这些超轻原初黑洞的性质和进一步搜索策略，这些黑洞因在早期宇宙中通过霍金辐射蒸发而相当难以捉摸。
英文摘要：
While topologically stable cosmic strings are disfavoured by the recent observation of nHz stochastic gravitational waves (GW) by Pulsar Timing Arrays (PTA), e.g., NANOGrav, cosmic metastable strings and superstrings are not. However, because the gravitational waves from all classes of strings generally span a wide range of frequencies, they contradict LIGO's non-observation of stochastic gravitational waves at the $f\sim $ 25 Hz band for a substantial string-parameter space favoured by the PTA data. Suppose ultralight primordial black holes ($M_{\rm BH}<10^9$ g) existed in the early universe. In this case, they reduce the amplitude of the GWs at higher frequencies by providing an early matter-dominated phase, alleviating the tension between LIGO observation and PTA data. We show that the recent PTA data complemented by future LIGO-Virgo-KAGRA (LVK) runs plus detectors such as LISA and ET would be able to dapple the properties and further search strategies of such ultralight primordial black holes which are otherwise fairly elusive as they evaporate in the early universe by Hawking radiation.
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