从基因组到社会，我们需要多少调控？
How much regulation do we need from genomes to society?
AI总结：
本研究跨生物、人类组织及去中心化系统等多领域，通过数据分析与概念模型揭示调控功能的标度规律随系统结构变化，且交互复杂度也影响调控成本，为理解调控提供机制框架。
摘要：
调控功能在社会经济系统和生物系统中都至关重要，从企业管理者到调控基因皆是如此。调控功能伴随着巨大的成本与收益，而二者的平衡往往被视为理所当然。所有复杂系统都面临一个根本问题：就其规模与功能而言，它们需要多少调控功能？本文提出了实证证据，表明调控功能在各类不同系统中呈现系统性的标度关系，这些系统包括生物有机体（细菌和真核生物基因组）、人类组织（公司、联邦机构、大学）以及去中心化实体（Wikipedia、城市）。我们结合了对上述各领域大型数据集的分析与一个简单的概念模型。该模型预测，调控成本的标度关系会随系统结构发生变化。充分混合的小型系统在规模与调控功能之间呈现超线性标度，而模块化的大型系统则呈现亚线性或线性标度，这两种情况均与数据相符。最后，我们发现，职业功能更多样化的社会经济系统，其调控成本往往高于标度关系的预期值，这证实了相互作用的类型与复杂性也会影响调控成本的假说。我们的跨系统比较为理解调控功能提供了一个机制性框架，并有潜力为分析各类系统中调控功能的成本与收益提供指导。
英文摘要：
Regulatory functions are essential in both socioeconomic and biological systems, from corporate managers to regulatory genes. Regulatory functions come with substantial costs and benefits, and the balance of the two is often taken for granted. A fundamental question for all complex systems becomes how much regulatory function do they need for their size and function? Here, we present empirical evidence that regulatory functions scale systematically across diverse systems: biological organisms (bacterial and eukaryotic genomes), human organizations (companies, federal agencies, universities), and decentralized entities (Wikipedia, cities). We combine an analysis of large data sets from each of these domains with a simple conceptual model. The model predicts that the scaling of regulatory costs shifts with system structure. Well-mixed small systems exhibit superlinear scaling between size and regulatory function, while modular large ones show sublinear or linear scaling, both in agreement with data. Finally, we find that socioeconomic systems that contain more diverse occupational functions tend to have more regulatory costs than expected from the scaling relationships, confirming the hypothesis that the type and complexity of interactions also play a role in regulatory costs. Our cross-system comparison offers a mechanistic framework for understanding regulatory function and can potentially guide efforts to analyze the costs and benefits of regulatory function in diverse systems.
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