扩展的利用 ALMA 绘制模糊化至再电离图谱（Ex-MORA）巡天：5$σ$ 源星表与红移分布
The Extended Mapping Obscuration to Reionization with ALMA (Ex-MORA) Survey: 5$σ$ Source Catalog and Redshift Distribution
AI总结：
Ex-MORA巡天通过2mm空白场观测识别了37个显著源，中值红移为3.6，验证了2mm选择技术能有效筛选z>3的尘埃星暴星系，并揭示了多波段协同对研究早期尘埃星系演化的必要性。
摘要：
在过去十年中，星系演化面临的最大挑战之一是限制早期宇宙中严重尘埃遮蔽星系的普遍性。在 $z>3$ 时，这些星系日益稀少，且难以识别，因为它们散布在 $z=1-3$ 之间数量更多的尘埃遮蔽星系群中，这使得获得可靠的光谱红shift既昂贵又常常失败。在这项工作中，我们介绍了扩展的利用 ALMA 绘制模糊化至再电离图谱（Ex-MORA）巡天——这是在 COSMOS-Web 场进行的一项 2mm 空白场巡天，也是迄今为止覆盖 577 arcmin$^2$ 的最大 ALMA 空白场巡天。Ex-MORA 是 MORA 巡天的扩展，旨在主要识别 $z>3$ 的尘埃星暴星系，同时利用观测帧 2mm 处非常负的 $K$ 修正过滤掉数量更多的 $z<3$ 星系群。我们识别出 37 个显著（$>$5$σ$）源，其中 33 个是稳健的热尘埃发射体。我们测得中值红移为 $\langle z \rangle = 3.6^{+0.1}_{-0.2}$，其中三分之二的样本位于 $z>3$，略低于一半位于 $z>4$，证明了 2mm 选择技术的整体成功。Ex-MORA 源在 $z>3$ 的积分体积密度为 $\sim1-3\times10^{-5}$ Mpc$^{-3}$，与类似时期红外亮星系的其他巡天结果一致。我们还发现，使用静止系光学发射（或其缺失）来识别 $z>3$ 严重尘埃遮蔽星系的技术遗漏了至少一半的 Ex-MORA 星系。这支持了尘埃星系群是异质的观点，并且跨越多个能量范围的观测台站之间的协同对于理解它们在 $z>3$ 的形成和演化至关重要。
英文摘要：
One of the greatest challenges in galaxy evolution over the last decade has been constraining the prevalence of heavily dust-obscured galaxies in the early Universe. At $z>3$, these galaxies are increasingly rare, and difficult to identify as they are interspersed among the more numerous dust-obscured galaxy population at $z=1-3$, making efforts to secure confident spectroscopic redshifts expensive, and sometimes unsuccessful. In this work, we present the Extended Mapping Obscuration to Reionization with ALMA (Ex-MORA) Survey -- a 2mm blank-field survey in the COSMOS-Web field, and the largest ever ALMA blank-field survey to-date covering 577 arcmin$^2$. Ex-MORA is an expansion of the MORA survey designed to identify primarily $z>3$ dusty, star-forming galaxies while simultaneously filtering out the more numerous $z<3$ population by leveraging the very negative $K$-correction at observed-frame 2mm. We identify 37 significant ($>$5$σ$) sources, 33 of which are robust thermal dust emitters. We measure a median redshift of $\langle z \rangle = 3.6^{+0.1}_{-0.2}$, with two-thirds of the sample at $z>3$, and just under half at $z>4$, demonstrating the overall success of the 2mm-selection technique. The integrated $z>3$ volume density of Ex-MORA sources is $\sim1-3\times10^{-5}$ Mpc$^{-3}$, consistent with other surveys of infrared luminous galaxies at similar epochs. We also find that techniques using rest-frame optical emission (or lack thereof) to identify $z>3$ heavily dust-obscured galaxies miss at least half of Ex-MORA galaxies. This supports the idea that the dusty galaxy population is heterogeneous, and that synergies across observatories spanning multiple energy regimes are critical to understanding their formation and evolution at $z>3$.
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