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arXiv 2407.10686astro-ph.COastro-ph.IM
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超越地平线:在柱状功率谱中量化全天前景楔

Beyond the horizon: Quantifying the full sky foreground wedge in the cylindrical power spectrum

S. Munshi, F. G. Mertens, L. V. E. Koopmans, A. R. Offringa, E. Ceccotti, S. A. Brackenhoff, J. K. Chege, B. K. Gehlot, S. Ghosh, C. Höfer, M. Mevius

AI总结:

本文推导了全天前景楔方程,克服了传统平坦天空近似在宽视场仪器中的局限,表明前景可延伸至更远范围,为正确选择EoR窗口和规划21厘米观测提供了重要工具。

摘要:

阻碍探测早期宇宙中性氢红移21厘米信号的主要障碍之一是天体物理前景辐射,其亮度比信号高出几个数量级。由于前景具有平滑的谱,预计它们将主要占据柱状功率谱中被称为前景楔的区域。然而,描述前景楔范围的传统方程是在平坦天空近似下推导的。这一假设对于相控宽视场仪器会失效,因此使得这些方程在此类情况下不适用。在本文中,我们推导了全天前景楔的方程,并表明前景可能会延伸到传统方程所建议的范围之外。我们还推导了描述柱状功率谱空间中特定明亮源的方程。这两组方程的有效性均通过数值模拟进行了测试。许多当前和即将投入使用的干涉仪(例如,LOFAR、NenuFAR、MWA、SKA)都是宽视场相位跟踪仪器。这些方程为我们提供了关于使用宽视场仪器估计的柱状功率谱中前景污染性质的新见解。此外,它们使我们能够准确地将功率谱中的特征归因于前景或仪器效应。这些方程对于正确选择用于前景规避分析的“EoR窗口”以及规划21厘米观测也很重要。在未来的分析中,建议使用这些更新后的地平线线来准确指示柱状功率谱中的前景楔。用于生成更新楔线的新方程已在Python库pslines中提供。

英文摘要:

One of the main obstacles preventing the detection of the redshifted 21-cm signal from neutral hydrogen in the early Universe is the astrophysical foreground emission, which is several orders of magnitude brighter than the signal. The foregrounds, due to their smooth spectra, are expected to predominantly occupy a region in the cylindrical power spectrum known as the foreground wedge. However, the conventional equations describing the extent of the foreground wedge are derived under a flat-sky approximation. This assumption breaks down for tracking wide-field instruments, thus rendering these equations inapplicable in these situations. In this paper, we derive equations for the full sky foreground wedge and show that the foregrounds can potentially extend far beyond what the conventional equations suggest. We also derive the equations that describe a specific bright source in the cylindrical power spectrum space. The validity of both sets of equations is tested against numerical simulations. Many current and upcoming interferometers (e.g., LOFAR, NenuFAR, MWA, SKA) are wide-field phase-tracking instruments. These equations give us new insights into the nature of foreground contamination in the cylindrical power spectra estimated using wide-field instruments. Additionally, they allow us to accurately associate features in the power spectrum to foregrounds or instrumental effects. The equations are also important for correctly selecting the "EoR window" for foreground avoidance analyses, and for planning 21-cm observations. In future analyses, it is recommended to use these updated horizon lines to indicate the foreground wedge in the cylindrical power spectrum accurately. The new equations for generating the updated wedge lines are made available in a Python library, pslines.

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