Correcting Turbulence-induced Errors in Fiber Positioning for the Dark Energy Spectroscopic Instrument
E. F. Schlafly, J. Guy, K. Honscheid, S. Kent, S. E. Koposov, J. Aguilar, S. Ahlen, S. Bailey, D. Brooks, T. Claybaugh, K. Dawson, P. Doel, K. Fanning, D. P. Fi… 展开作者
E. F. Schlafly, J. Guy, K. Honscheid, S. Kent, S. E. Koposov, J. Aguilar, S. Ahlen, S. Bailey, D. Brooks, T. Claybaugh, K. Dawson, P. Doel, K. Fanning, D. P. Finkbeiner, A. Font-Ribera, J. E. Forero-Romero, S. Gontcho A Gontcho, G. Gutierrez, D. Kirkby, T. Kisner, A. Kremin, J. Lasker, M. Landriau, L. Le Guillou, M. E. Levi, A. de la Macorra, P. Martini, A. Meisner, R. Miquel, J. Moustakas, G. Niz, F. Prada, G. Rossi, E. Sanchez, M. Schubnell, R. Sharples, D. Sprayberry, G. Tarlé, B. A. Weaver, H. Zou
备注：
11 pages, 5 figures. Update to author's version of published version
高度复用的机器人光纤光谱巡天正在观测数千万颗恒星和星系。对许多系统而言，精确的定位依赖于对焦点平面中的光纤成像，并将信息反馈给机器人定位器以修正其位置。焦点平面与成像相机之间空气中的不均匀性和湍流会影响光纤的测量位置，限制光纤放置在目标上的精度。对于暗能量光谱仪（Dark Energy Spectroscopic Instrument），我们利用静止定位器和湍流的相关函数，显著降低了湍流对焦点平面中定位器位置测量的影响。我们将定位误差从7.3微米降低到3.5微米，在典型条件下使巡天速度提高了1.6%。
英文摘要：
Highly-multiplexed, robotic, fiber-fed spectroscopic surveys are observing tens of millions of stars and galaxies. For many systems, accurate positioning relies on imaging the fibers in the focal plane and feeding that information back to the robotic positioners to correct their positions. Inhomogeneities and turbulence in the air between the focal plane and the imaging camera can affect the measured positions of fibers, limiting the accuracy with which fibers can be placed on targets. For the Dark Energy Spectroscopic Instrument, we dramatically reduced the effect of turbulence on measurements of positioner locations in the focal plane by taking advantage of stationary positioners and the correlation function of the turbulence. We were able to reduce positioning errors from 7.3 microns to 3.5 microns, speeding the survey by 1.6% under typical conditions.
The arrangement of the fiber positioning units in LAMOST focal plane may lead to the collisions during the fiber allocation. To avoid these collisions, the soft protection system has to abandon some targets located in the overlapped field of the adjacent fiber units. In this paper, we firstly analyzed the probability of the collisions between fibers and inferred their possible reasons. It is useful to solve the problem of the fiber-positioning units collisions so as to improve LAMOST efficiency. Based on it, a collision handling system is designed by using the master-slave control structure be…
A generic fiber positioning strategy and a fabrication path are presented for microlens-fiber-coupled integral field units. It is assumed that microlens-produced micro-images are carried to the spectrograph input through step-index,multi-mode fiber, but our results apply to micro-pupil reimaging applications as well. Considered are the performance trades between the filling percentage of the fiber core with the micro-image versus throughput and observing efficiency.A merit function is defined as the product of the transmission efficiency and the etendue loss. For a hexagonal packing of spatial…
This paper discusses a new approach for determining the calibration parameters of independently-actuated optical fibers in multi-object astronomical fiber positioning systems. This work comes from the development of a new type of piezoelectric motor intended to enhance the 'tilting spine' fiber positioning technology originally created by the Australian Astronomical Observatory. Testing has shown that the motor's performance can vary depending on the fiber's location within its accessible field, meaning that an individual fiber is difficult calibrate with a one-time routine. Better performance…
Massively parallel multi-object spectrographs are on the leading edge of cosmology instrumentation. The highly successful Dark Energy Spectroscopic Instrument (DESI) which begun survey operations in May 2021, for example, has 5,000 robotically-actuated multimode fibers, which deliver light from thousands of individual galaxies and quasars simultaneously to an array of high-resolution spectrographs off-telescope. The redshifts are individually measured, thus providing 3D maps of the Universe in unprecedented detail, and enabling precise measurement of dark energy expansion and other key cosmolo…
Starbugs are miniature piezoelectric walking robots that can be operated in parallel to position many payloads like optical fibers across a telescopes focal plane. They consist of two concentric piezoelectric ceramic tubes that walk with micron step size. In addition to individual optical fibers, Starbugs have moved a payload of 0.75kg at several millimeters per second. The Australian Astronomical Observatory previously developed prototype devices and tested them in the laboratory. Now we are optimizing the Starbug design for production and deployment in the TAIPAN instrument, which will be ca…
WEAVE is a 1000-fiber multi-object spectroscopic facility for the 4.2~m William Herschel Telescope. It will feature a double-headed pick-and-place fiber positioning robot comprising commercially available robotic axes. This paper presents results on the performance of these axes, obtained by testing a prototype system in the laboratory. Positioning accuracy is found to be better than the manufacturer's published values for the tested cases, indicating that the requirement for a maximum positioning error of 8.0~microns is achievable. Field reconfiguration times well within the planned 60 minute…
We present an optimized algorithm for assigning fibers to targets in next-generation fiber-fed multi-object spectrographs. The method, that we named draining algorithm, ensures that the maximum number of targets in a given target field is observed in the first few tiles. Using randomly distributed targets and mock galaxy catalogs we have estimated that the gain provided by the draining algorithm as compared to a random assignment can be as much as 2% for the first tiles. This would imply for a survey like BigBOSS saving for observation several hundred thousand objects or, alternatively, reduci…
Precise fiber positioning is crucial to a wide field, multi-fiber spectroscopic survey like LAMOST. Nowadays, most position error measurements are based on CCD photographic and imaging processing techniques. Those methods only work for measuring errors orthogonal to the telescope optical axis, while there also lies errors parallel to the telescope optical axis, like defocusing, and error caused by the existing deviation angle between optical axes of a fiber and the telescope. Directly measuring two latter types of position errors is difficult for individual fiber, especially during observation…
The Cobra fiber positioner is being developed by the California Institute of Technology (CIT) and the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) for the Prime Focus Spectrograph (PFS) instrument that will be installed at the Subaru Telescope on Mauna Kea, Hawaii. PFS is a fiber fed multi-object spectrometer that uses an array of Cobra fiber positioners to rapidly reconfigure 2394 optical fibers at the prime focus of the Subaru Telescope that are capable of positioning a fiber to within 5um of a specified target location. A single Cobra fiber positioner measures 7.7mm in diameter and is 115mm tall. The Co…
The Maunakea Spectroscopic Explorer (MSE) will each year obtain millions of spectra in the optical to near-infrared, at low (R ~ 3,000) to high (R ~ 40,000) spectral resolution by observing >4,000 spectra per pointing via a highly multiplexed fiber-fed system. Key science programs for MSE include black hole reverberation mapping, stellar population analysis of faint galaxies at high redshift, and sub-km/s velocity accuracy for stellar astrophysics. One key metric of the success of MSE will be its survey speed, i.e. how many spectra of good signal-to-noise ratio will MSE be able to obtain every…
The Prime Focus Spectrograph (PFS) is a wide field multi-fiber spectrograph using the prime focus of the Subaru telescope, which is capable of observing up to 2400 astronomical objects simultaneously. The instrument control software will manage the observation procedure communicateing with subsystems such as the fiber positioner "COBRA", the metrology camera system, and the spectrograph and camera systems. Before an exposure starts, the instrument control system needs to access to a database where target lists provided by observers are stored in advance, and accurately position fibers onto ast…
The Dark Energy Spectroscopic Instrument (DESI) is under construction to measure the expansion history of the universe using the baryon acoustic oscillations technique. The spectra of 35 million galaxies and quasars over 14,000 square degrees will be measured during a 5-year survey. A new prime focus corrector for the Mayall telescope at Kitt Peak National Observatory will deliver light to 5,000 individually targeted fiber-fed robotic positioners. The fibers in turn feed ten broadband multi-object spectrographs. We describe the ProtoDESI experiment, that was installed and commissioned on the 4…
Fiber-fed spectrographs dedicated to observing massive portions of the sky are increasingly being more demanded within the astronomical community. For all the fiber-fed instruments, the primordial and common problem is the positioning of the fiber ends, which must match the position of the objects of a target field on the sky. Amongst the different approaches found in the state of the art, actuator arrays are one of the best. Indeed, an actuator array is able to position all the fiber heads simultaneously, thus making the reconfiguration time extremely short and the instrument efficiency high.…
Starbugs are miniaturised robotic devices that position optical fibres over a telescope's focal plane in parallel operation for high multiplex spectroscopic surveys. The key advantage of the Starbug positioning system is its potential to configure fields of hundreds of targets in a few minutes, consistent with typical detector readout times. Starbugs have been selected as the positioning technology for the TAIPAN (Transforming Astronomical Imaging surveys through Polychromatic Analysis of Nebulae) instrument, a prototype for MANIFEST (Many Instrument Fiber System) on the GMT (Giant Magellan Te…
High multiplex and precision: the design and development of FLEX, a grid-based fiber positioner with large patrol radius and minimized telecentric error
Leibniz-Institut für Astrophysik Potsdam（波茨坦阿斯特罗物理莱布尼茨研究所）；Australian Astronomical Optics, Macquarie University（澳大利亚天文光学，麦考瑞大学）
A General Framework for Radial Velocity Calibration in Low-Resolution Spectroscopic Surveys: Correcting Wavelength-Dependent and Global Systematics with Application to LAMOST DR9
Institute for Frontiers in Astronomy and Astrophysics, Beijing Normal University（北京师范大学天文与前沿科学研究院）；School of Physics and Astronomy, Beijing Normal University（北京师范大学物理与天文学院）；Yunnan University（云南大学）
Testing of a 15-Positioner Module Based on the MPS Design for Stage-5 Telescopes
Institute of Physics, Laboratory of Astrophysics, Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne (EPFL)（洛桑联邦理工学院物理研究所天体物理学实验室）；Micro Precision Systems AG (MPS)（微精密系统股份公司）
The upcoming Wide-Field Upgrade (WFU) has ushered in a new era of instrumentation for the Hobby-Eberly Telescope (HET). Here, we present the design, construction progress, and lab tests completed to date of the blue-optimized second generation Low Resolution Spectrograph (LRS2-B). LRS2-B is a dual-channel, fiber fed instrument that is based on the design of the Visible Integral Field Replicable Unit Spectrograph (VIRUS), which is the new flagship instrument for carrying out the HET Dark Energy eXperiment (HETDEX). LRS2-B utilizes a microlens-coupled integral field unit (IFU) that covers a 7"x1…
