阿焦尔超导热逻辑与存储器
Attojoule superconducting thermal logic and memories
AI总结：
针对低温技术热预算受限的问题，本研究制备出阿焦尔级能耗的超导开关，实现了低能耗高速度的数字逻辑门与易失性存储器，为低温技术规模化发展提供新方案。
摘要：
由于超导量子计算机、传感器等低温技术存在严格的热预算限制，最大限度降低低温电子元件的能量耗散与功耗对大规模器件的发展至关重要。然而，同时具备低能耗、快速切换、低错误率、小占位面积且制备简单的电子构建模块仍难以实现。本研究展示了一种超导开关，其切换能量达阿焦尔级，速度快（上升/下降时间为皮秒级），集成密度高（每个开关约为$10^{-2}$ $\text{μm}^2$量级）。该开关由超导通道和被绝缘二氧化硅层隔开的金属加热器组成，采用剥离工艺制备。我们通过实验验证了利用该技术实现的数字门操作，包括NOT、NAND、NOR、AND和OR门，能耗仅为几飞焦，且比特错误率低于$10^{-8}$。此外，我们制备了易失性存储元件，每次操作能耗为几飞焦，操作速度达纳秒级，保持时间超过$10^5$秒。这些超导开关为提升现代低温技术的规模与复杂度开辟了新的可能。
英文摘要：
Due to stringent thermal budgets in cryogenic technologies such as superconducting quantum computers and sensors, minimizing the energy dissipation and power consumption of cryogenic electronic components is pivotal for large-scale devices. However, electronic building blocks that simultaneously offer low energy consumption, fast switching, low error rates, a small footprint and simple fabrication remain elusive. In this work, we demonstrate a superconducting switch with attojoule switching energy, high speed (pico-second rise/fall times), and high integration density (on the order of $10^{-2}$ $\mathrm{μm^2}$ per switch). The switch consists of a superconducting channel and a metal heater separated by an insulating silica layer, prepared using lift-off techniques. We experimentally demonstrate digital gate operations utilizing this technology, such as NOT, NAND, NOR, AND, and OR gates, with a few femtojoule energy consumption and ultralow bit error rates < $10^{-8}$. In addition, we build volatile memory elements with few femtojoule energy consumption per operation, a nanosecond operation speed, and a retention time over $10^5$ s. These superconducting switches open new possibilities for increasing the size and complexity of modern cryogenic technologies.
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