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arXiv 2407.06994astro-ph.SRastro-ph.GA
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10$^{-6}$-10$^3$ M$_\odot$/yr 吸积第三星族星的演化

The Evolution of Accreting Population III Stars at 10$^{-6}$-10$^3$ M$_\odot$/yr

Devesh Nandal, Lorenz Zwick, Daniel J. Whalen, Lucio Mayer, Sylvia Ekström, Georges Meynet

AI总结:

本文使用GENEC代码研究了第三星族星在10^-6至10^3太阳质量/年吸积率下的演化,发现不同吸积率决定了恒星最终质量及归宿,并首次揭示了导致灾难性重子坍缩直接形成超大质量黑洞的临界吸积转变速率。

摘要:

第一代恒星在原始暗物质晕中通过吸积形成,其质量跨越五个数量级。我们研究了质量在大质量、超大质量及超超大质量范围内的原始(Pop III)恒星在跨越九个数量级的吸积率下的演化。我们使用恒星演化代码 GENEC 演化吸积的 Pop III 恒星,吸积率范围为 10$^{-6}$ - 10$^3$ M$_\odot$/yr,并研究这些速率如何决定最终质量。恒星演化持续到中心硅燃烧结束或直到它们遭遇广义相对论不稳定性(GRI)。我们还考察了金属丰度如何影响恒星演化。在低于 $2.5 \times 10^{-5}$ M$_\odot$/yr 的速率下,恒星的最终质量低于产生双不稳定性超新星所需的质量。产生质量超过 250 M$_\odot$ 黑洞所需的最低速率为 $5 \times 10^{-5}$ M$_\odot$/yr,这完全处于通过 H$_2$ 冷却的暗物质晕数值模拟中发现的落入速率范围内,即 $10^{-3}$ M$_\odot$/yr。在 $5 \times 10^{-5}$ M$_\odot$/yr 到 $4 \times 10^{-2}$ M$_\odot$/yr 的速率下,如同预期中通过 H$_2$ 和 Ly-alpha 共同冷却的暗物质晕那样,恒星在硅燃烧后坍缩。在更高的吸积率下,GRI 在中心氢燃烧期间触发恒星坍缩。以高于这些速率生长的恒星是冷红超巨星,其有效温度为 $log(T_{\text{eff}}) = 3.8$,光度可达 10$^{10.5}$ L$_\odot$。在 100 - 1000 M$_\odot$/yr 的吸积率下,气体在中心氢燃烧开始之前遭遇广义相对论不稳定性,并坍缩成质量为 10$^6$ M$_\odot$ 的黑洞,而从未成为恒星。我们首次揭示了吸积中的临界转变速率,超过该速率,灾难性重子坍缩(如同高红移宇宙中星系碰撞期间可能发生的那样)通过暗坍缩产生超大质量黑洞。

英文摘要:

The first stars formed over five orders of magnitude in mass by accretion in primordial dark matter halos. We study the evolution of massive, very massive and supermassive primordial (Pop III) stars over nine orders of magnitude in accretion rate. We use the stellar evolution code GENEC to evolve accreting Pop III stars from 10$^{-6}$ - 10$^3$ M$_\odot$/yr and study how these rates determine final masses. The stars are evolved until either the end of central Si burning or until they encounter the general relativistic instability (GRI). We also examine how metallicity affects the evolution of the stars. At rates below $2.5 x 10^{-5}$ M$_\odot$/yr the final mass of the star falls below that required for pair-instability supernovae. The minimum rate required to produce black holes with masses above 250 M$_\odot$ is $5 x 10^{-5}$ M$_\odot$/yr, well within the range of infall rates found in numerical simulations of halos that cool via H$_2$, $10^{-3}$ M$_\odot$/yr. At rates of $5 x 10^{-5}$ M$_\odot$/yr to $4 x 10^{-2}$ \Ms\ yr$^{-1}$, like those expected for halos cooling by both H$_2$ and Ly-alpha, the star collapses after Si burning. At higher accretion rates the GRI triggers the collapse of the star during central H burning. Stars that grow at above these rates are cool red hypergiants with effective temperatures $log(T_{\text{eff}}) = 3.8$ and luminosities that can reach 10$^{10.5}$ L$_\odot$. At accretion rates of 100 - 1000 M$_\odot$/yr the gas encounters the general relativistic instability prior to the onset of central hydrogen burning and collapses to a black hole with a mass of 10$^6$ M$_\odot$ without ever having become a star. We reveal for the first time the critical transition rate in accretion above which catastrophic baryon collapse, like that which can occur during galaxy collisions in the high-redshift Universe, produces supermassive black holes via dark collapse.

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