arXiv 1702.021492017-02astro-ph.GAastro-ph.IMastro-ph.SRstat.AP

球状星团47 Tuccenda中心的中等质量黑洞

An intermediate-mass black hole in the centre of the globular cluster 47 Tucanae

Bülent Kızıltan, Holger Baumgardt, Abraham Loeb

备注：: Published in Nature, Corrigendum added
DOI：: 10.1038/nature21361

摘要：

中等质量黑洞在理解恒星质量和超大质量黑洞之间的演化联系方面起着关键作用。然而，到目前为止，这些黑洞的存在仍然是模糊的，因此它们的形成过程是未知的。长期以来，人们一直怀疑质量为$10^{2}-10^{4}M_{\odot}$的黑洞应该形成并存在于致密的恒星系统中。因此，几十年来，专门的观测活动一直以球状星团为目标，寻找这些难以捉摸的天体的特征。在这些有针对性的搜索中发现的所有候选者似乎都是射电暗淡的，并且不具有基本平面预测的X射线与射电通量比，以用于吸积黑洞。基于缺乏电磁对应物的情况，分别根据射电和X射线观测，给出了47 Tuccenda（NGC 104）中一个假定的黑洞质量的$2060 M_{\odot}$和$470 M_{\odot}$上限。在这里，我们表明，有证据表明，在47 Tuc中心黑洞的质量为M $_{\bullet}\sim2300 M_{\odot}$ $_{-850}^{+1500}$时的球状星团的动力学状态探测与恒星。在其中一个致密星团的中心存在一个中等质量的黑洞，没有可探测到的电磁对应物，这表明黑洞没有以足够的速度吸积，因此与预期相反，它缺乏气体。这个中等质量的黑洞可能是电磁不可见的黑洞群体中的一员，而这些黑洞群体是导致星系中超大质量黑洞形成的难以捉摸的种子。

英文摘要：

Intermediate mass black holes play a critical role in understanding the evolutionary connection between stellar mass and super-massive black holes. However, to date the existence of these species of black holes remains ambiguous and their formation process is therefore unknown. It has been long suspected that black holes with masses $10^{2}-10^{4}M_{\odot}$ should form and reside in dense stellar systems. Therefore, dedicated observational campaigns have targeted globular cluster for many decades searching for signatures of these elusive objects. All candidates found in these targeted searches appear radio dim and do not have the X-ray to radio flux ratio predicted by the fundamental plane for accreting black holes. Based on the lack of an electromagnetic counterpart upper limits of $2060 M_{\odot}$ and $470 M_{\odot}$ have been placed on the mass of a putative black hole in 47 Tucanae (NGC 104) from radio and X-ray observations respectively. Here we show there is evidence for a central black hole in 47 Tuc with a mass of M$_{\bullet}\sim2300 M_{\odot}$$_{-850}^{+1500}$ when the dynamical state of the globular cluster is probed with pulsars. The existence of an intermediate mass black hole in the centre of one of the densest clusters with no detectable electromagnetic counterpart suggests that the black hole is not accreting at a sufficient rate and therefore contrary to expectations is gas starved. This intermediate mass black hole might be a member of electromagnetically invisible population of black holes that are the elusive seeds leading to the formation of supermassive black holes in galaxies.

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