量子通信：从基础到近期趋势、挑战与开放问题
Quantum Communication: From Fundamentals to Recent Trends, Challenges and Open Problems
AI总结：
本文系统梳理量子通信的基础理论、硬件实现与协议进展，融合量子物理与工程计算视角，综述量子互联网最新成果并指出其实际部署的趋势、挑战与开放问题。
摘要：
随着量子技术的最新进展与发展，量子通信与网络这一新兴领域已引起研究人员的关注。由于量子力学的独特性质，即量子叠加和纠缠，这一新的量子通信领域已显示出取代现代通信技术的潜力。利用量子力学原理所带来的增强安全性和高信息共享能力，鼓励了网络工程师和物理学家为下一代无线系统开发该技术。然而，当前文献中尚未充分建立量子力学基础、光子学与量子通信基础设施可部署性之间的概念桥梁。本文旨在通过将量子物理的理论概念与量子技术的工程和计算视角相融合来填补这一空白。本文构建了理解量子通信所需的基本概念，回顾了关键概念，并展示了如何利用这些概念实现成功的通信。本文深入探讨了执行量子通信协议的实现进展，解释了硬件实现如何使所有基本量子计算操作得以完成。最后，本文对量子通信和量子互联网领域的最新进展进行了全面而批判性的综述，并指出了实现下一代网络系统实际部署的近期趋势、挑战和开放问题。
英文摘要：
With the recent advancements and developments in quantum technologies, the emerging field of quantum communication and networking has gained the attention of the researchers. Owing to the unique properties of quantum mechanics, viz., quantum superposition and entanglement, this new area of quantum communication has shown potential to replace modernday communication technologies. The enhanced security and high information sharing ability using principles of quantum mechanics has encouraged networking engineers and physicists to develop this technology for next generation wireless systems. However, a conceptual bridge between the fundamentals of quantum mechanics, photonics and the deployability of a quantum communication infrastructure is not well founded in the current literature. This paper aims to fill this gap by merging the theoretical concepts from quantum physics to the engineering and computing perspectives of quantum technology. This paper builds the fundamental concepts required for understanding quantum communication, reviews the key concepts and demonstrates how these concepts can be leveraged for accomplishing successful communication. The paper delves into implementation advancements for executing quantum communication protocols, explaining how hardware implementation enables the achievement of all basic quantum computing operations. Finally, the paper provides a comprehensive and critical review of the state-of-the-art advancements in the field of quantum communication and quantum internet; and points out the recent trends, challenges and open problems for the real-world realization of next generation networking systems.
机构、总结、中文摘要均由AI分析而来，可能存在错误，请以论文正文为准。
