细胞分裂在上皮组织中留下持久的弹性应变场
Cell divisions imprint long lasting elastic strain fields in epithelial tissues
AI总结：
研究通过分析果蝇上皮组织的应变场，揭示了细胞分裂产生的力偶对组织力学的影响，并确定了组织流体化的时间尺度。
摘要：
生物组织作为复杂细胞材料的一个显著特征是通过细胞过程如细胞分裂主动生成机械应力。每个细胞事件都会产生一个力偶，从而变形周围组织。因此，对这些力偶的定量描述及其对组织力学的影响，是理解整体组织力学的核心问题之一。在本工作中，我们分析了之前发表的果蝇D. melanogaster翅膀上皮实验数据，以定量描述由细胞尺度力偶引起的变形场。我们发现，测量的变形场可以由一个简单的果蝇上皮线性弹性片模型来解释。这一事实使我们能够利用细胞事件如细胞分裂周围的应变场测量，来推断这些事件所产生的力的大小和动态。特别是，我们发现细胞分裂产生一个瞬时各向同性力偶场，对应于分裂过程中细胞核暂时定位在组织表面，以及一个无迹对称力偶场，该场可以从组织应变场中持续检测到分裂后约3.5小时。这个时间尺度是弹性应变被其他机械过程消除的时间尺度，因此对应于组织流体化的时间尺度。总之，我们开发了一种方法，通过观察周围组织的应变场来推断由细胞分裂引起的力偶。使用这种方法，我们定量地表征了细胞分裂过程中产生的机械力及其对组织力学的影响。
英文摘要：
A hallmark of biological tissues, viewed as complex cellular materials, is the active generation of mechanical stresses by cellular processes, such as cell divisions. Each cellular event generates a force dipole that deforms the surrounding tissue. Therefore, a quantitative description of these force dipoles, and their consequences on tissue mechanics, is one of the central problems in understanding the overall tissue mechanics. In this work we analyze previously published experimental data on fruit fly \textit{D. melanogaster} wing epithelia to quantitatively describe the deformation fields induced by a cell-scale force dipole. We find that the measured deformation field can be explained by a simple model of fly epithelium as a linearly elastic sheet. This fact allows us to use measurements of the strain field around cellular events, such as cell divisions, to infer the magnitude and dynamics of the mechanical forces they generate. In particular, we find that cell divisions exert a transient isotropic force dipole field, corresponding to the temporary localisation of the cell nucleus to the tissue surface during the division, and traceless-symmetric force dipole field that remains detectable from the tissue strain field for up to about $3.5$ hours after the division. This is the timescale on which elastic strains are erased by other mechanical processes and therefore it corresponds to the tissue fluidization timescale. In summary, we have developed a method to infer force dipoles induced by cell divisions, by observing the strain field in the surrounding tissues. Using this method we quantitatively characterize mechanical forces generated during a cell division, and their effects on the tissue mechanics.
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