arXiv 2406.024982024-06-04astro-ph.SRastro-ph.HE

SN 2021aatd的故事——一颗具有早期光度超出特性的特殊1987A型超新星

The story of SN 2021aatd -- a peculiar 1987A-like supernova with an early-phase luminosity excess

T. Szalai, R. Könyves-Tóth, A. P. Nagy, D. Hiramatsu, I. Arcavi, A. Bostroem, D. A. Howell, J. Farah, C. McCully, M. Newsome, E. Padilla Gonzalez, C. Pellegrino… 展开作者

T. Szalai, R. Könyves-Tóth, A. P. Nagy, D. Hiramatsu, I. Arcavi, A. Bostroem, D. A. Howell, J. Farah, C. McCully, M. Newsome, E. Padilla Gonzalez, C. Pellegrino, G. Terreran, E. Berger, P. Blanchard, S. Gomez, P. Székely, D. Bánhidi, I. B. Bíró, I. Csányi, A. Pál, J. Rho, J. Vinkó

备注：: 24 pages, 18 figures, 10 tables; accepted for publication in A&A
发表信息：: A&A 690, A17 (2024)
DOI：: 10.1051/0004-6361/202348548

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AI总结：

本文分析了特殊II型超新星SN 2021aatd的早期光度超出特性，通过双成分抛射物模型结合放射性衰变和磁星能量，成功描述了其光变曲线，并指出其源于约15 M☉蓝超巨星爆炸。

摘要：

越来越多的特殊事件无法被归入任何主要超新星（SN）类别。SN 1987A及少数被认为是蓝超巨星爆炸产物的类似天体即属于此类：尽管它们的光谱与富氢（IIP）SNe非常相似，但其光变曲线（LC）演化却截然不同。本文介绍了SN 2021aatd的详细测光和光谱分析，这是一次特殊的II型爆炸：其早期演化类似于缓慢演化的双峰SN 2020faa（但光度尺度较低），约40天后，其LC形状变得类似于SN 1987A型爆炸。除了比较SN 2021aatd与SNe 2020faa、1987A及其他天体的LC、颜色曲线和光谱外，我们还将观测光谱与自建的SYN++模型及已发表的辐射转移模型输出进行了对比。我们还假设双成分（核+壳）抛射物，并在放射性衰变之外引入新生磁星的自转能量，对SNe 2021aatd和1987A的伪热光LC进行了建模。我们发现SN 2021aatd的光度和光谱演化可以用一颗约15 M☉蓝超巨星的爆炸来很好地描述。然而，SN 2021aatd表现出比SN 1987A更高的温度以及更弱的Na ID和Ba II 6142 A谱线，这更类似于IIP型大气。利用所应用的双成分抛射物模型（同时考虑衰变和磁星能量），我们成功描述了SN 2021aatd的热光LC，包括前约40天阶段——该阶段相比87A型SNe显示出超出，但与长寿命的SN 2020faa惊人相似。尽管如此，寻找一个也能解释更亮事件（如SN 2020faa）LC的统一模型仍是一个待解决的问题。

英文摘要：

There is a growing number of peculiar events that cannot be assigned to any of the main supernova (SN) classes. SN 1987A and a handful of similar objects, thought to be explosive outcomes of blue supergiant stars, belong to them: while their spectra closely resemble those of H-rich (IIP) SNe, their light-curve (LC) evolution is very different. Here we present the detailed photometric and spectroscopic analysis of SN 2021aatd, a peculiar Type II explosion: while its early-time evolution resembles that of the slowly evolving, double-peaked SN 2020faa (however, at a lower luminosity scale), after $\sim$40 days, its LC shape becomes similar to that of SN 1987A-like explosions. Beyond comparing LCs, color curves, and spectra of SN 2021aatd to that of SNe 2020faa, 1987A, and of other objects, we compare the observed spectra with our own SYN++ models and with the outputs of published radiative transfer models. We also modeled the pseudo-bolometric LCs of SNe 2021aatd and 1987A assuming a two-component (core+shell) ejecta, and involving the rotational energy of a newborn magnetar in addition to radioactive decay. We find that both the photometric and spectroscopic evolution of SN 2021aatd can be well described with the explosion of a $\sim$15 $M_\odot$ blue supergiant star. Nevertheless, SN 2021aatd shows higher temperatures and weaker Na ID and Ba II 6142 A lines than SN 1987A, which is reminiscent of rather to IIP-like atmospheres. With the applied two-component ejecta model (counting with both decay and magnetar energy), we can successfully describe the bolometric LC of SN 2021aatd, including the first $\sim$40-day long phase showing an excess compared to 87A-like SNe but being strikingly similar to that of the long-lived SN 2020faa. Nevertheless, finding a unified model that also explains the LCs of more luminous events (like SN 2020faa) is still a matter of concern.

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