We introduce a data-driven epistatic model of protein evolution, capable of generating evolutionary trajectories spanning very different time scales reaching from individual mutations to diverged homologs. Our in silico evolution encompasses random nucleotide mutations, insertions and deletions, and models selection using a fitness landscape, which is inferred via a generative probabilistic model for protein families. We show that the proposed framework accurately reproduces the sequence statistics of both short-time (experimental) and long-time (natural) protein evolution, suggesting applicability also to relatively data-poor intermediate evolutionary time scales, which are currently inaccessible to evolution experiments. Our model uncovers a highly collective nature of epistasis, gradually changing the fitness effect of mutations in a diverging sequence context, rather than acting via strong interactions between individual mutations. This collective nature triggers the emergence of a long evolutionary time scale, separating fast mutational processes inside a given sequence context, from the slow evolution of the context itself. The model quantitatively reproduces epistatic phenomena such as contingency and entrenchment, as well as the loss of predictability in protein evolution observed in deep mutational scanning experiments of distant homologs. It thereby deepens our understanding of the interplay between mutation and selection in shaping protein diversity and novel functions, allows one to statistically forecast evolution, and challenges the prevailing independent-site models of protein evolution, which are unable to capture the fundamental importance of epistasis.
Modeling Protein Evolution via Generative Inference From Monte Carlo Chains to Population Genetics
Politecnico di Torino（都灵理工大学）；Sorbonne Université（索邦大学）；CNRS（法国国家科学研究中心）；Laboratory of Computational and Quantitative Biology（计算与定量生物学实验室）；École Normale Supérieure（巴黎高等师范学院）；PSL Université（巴黎文理研究大学）；Université de Paris（巴黎大学）；The James Franck Institute（詹姆斯·弗兰克研究所）；The University of Chicago（芝加哥大学）；Department of Physics, The University of Chicago（芝加哥大学物理系）；INFN, Sezione di Torino（意大利国家核物理研究所都灵分部）；Italian Institute for Genomic Medicine, IRCCS Candiolo（意大利基因组医学研究所坎迪奥洛医院）；Dipartimento di Fisica, Sapienza Università di Roma（罗马大学物理系）
AMix-1: A Pathway to Test-Time Scalable Protein Foundation Model
Shanghai Artificial Intelligence Laboratory（上海人工智能实验室）；Generative Symbolic Intelligence Lab (GenSI), Tsinghua University（生成符号智能实验室（GenSI），清华大学）；Institute for AI Industry Research (AIR), Tsinghua University（人工智能产业研究院（AIR），清华大学）；Tsinghua University（清华大学）；Fudan University（复旦大学）；Tianjin University（天津大学）；Georgia Institute of Technology（佐治亚理工学院）；Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications（北京邮电大学）；University of Chinese Academy of Sciences（中国科学院大学）；City University of Hong Kong（香港城市大学）
