Facial Action Units (AU) is a vital concept in the realm of affective computing, and AU detection has always been a hot research topic. Existing methods suffer from overfitting issues due to the utilization of a large number of learnable parameters on scarce AU-annotated datasets or heavy reliance on substantial additional relevant data. Parameter-Efficient Transfer Learning (PETL) provides a promising paradigm to address these challenges, whereas its existing methods lack design for AU characteristics. Therefore, we innovatively investigate PETL paradigm to AU detection, introducing AUFormer and proposing a novel Mixture-of-Knowledge Expert (MoKE) collaboration mechanism. An individual MoKE specific to a certain AU with minimal learnable parameters first integrates personalized multi-scale and correlation knowledge. Then the MoKE collaborates with other MoKEs in the expert group to obtain aggregated information and inject it into the frozen Vision Transformer (ViT) to achieve parameter-efficient AU detection. Additionally, we design a Margin-truncated Difficulty-aware Weighted Asymmetric Loss (MDWA-Loss), which can encourage the model to focus more on activated AUs, differentiate the difficulty of unactivated AUs, and discard potential mislabeled samples. Extensive experiments from various perspectives, including within-domain, cross-domain, data efficiency, and micro-expression domain, demonstrate AUFormer's state-of-the-art performance and robust generalization abilities without relying on additional relevant data. The code for AUFormer is available at https://github.com/yuankaishen2001/AUFormer.
The task of recognizing human facial expressions plays a vital role in various human-related systems, including health care and medical fields. With the recent success of deep learning and the accessibility of a large amount of annotated data, facial expression recognition research has been mature enough to be utilized in real-world scenarios with audio-visual datasets. In this paper, we introduce Swin transformer-based facial expression approach for an in-the-wild audio-visual dataset of the Aff-Wild2 Expression dataset. Specifically, we employ a three-stream network (i.e., Visual stream, Tem…
Reweighting Framewise Attention in Video Transformers for Facial Expression Understanding
Inria, Université Côte d’Azur, France（法国国家信息与自动化研究所、法国滨海阿尔卑斯大学）；Hanyang University, South Korea（韩国家阳大学）；Pusan National University, South Korea（韩国釜山国立大学）
Precise Facial Landmark Detection by Reference Heatmap Transformer
Zhongnan University of Economics and Law（中南财经政法大学）；Singapore University of Technology and Design（新加坡科技设计大学）；Shenzhen Institute of Artificial Intelligence and Robotics for Society（深圳人工智能与机器人研究院）；China Three Gorges University（三峡大学）
Intelligent Critical Care Center, University of Florida（佛罗里达大学智能重症监护中心）；University of Florida（佛罗里达大学）
Pain is a common occurrence among patients admitted to Intensive Care Units. Pain assessment in ICU patients still remains a challenge for clinicians and ICU staff, specifically in cases of non-verbal sedated, mechanically ventilated, and intubated patients. Current manual observation-based pain assessment tools are limited by the frequency of pain observations administered and are subjective to the observer. Facial behavior is a major component in observation-based tools. Furthermore, previous literature shows the feasibility of painful facial expression detection using facial action units (A…
University of Oulu（奥卢大学）；University of Oxford（牛津大学）；Xi’an Jiaotong University（西安交通大学）；The University of Hong Kong（香港大学）
Remote photoplethysmography (rPPG), which aims at measuring heart activities and physiological signals from facial video without any contact, has great potential in many applications (e.g., remote healthcare and affective computing). Recent deep learning approaches focus on mining subtle rPPG clues using convolutional neural networks with limited spatio-temporal receptive fields, which neglect the long-range spatio-temporal perception and interaction for rPPG modeling. In this paper, we propose the PhysFormer, an end-to-end video transformer based architecture, to adaptively aggregate both loc…
A micro-expression is a spontaneous unconscious facial muscle movement that can reveal the true emotions people attempt to hide. Although manual methods have made good progress and deep learning is gaining prominence. Due to the short duration of micro-expression and different scales of expressed in facial regions, existing algorithms cannot extract multi-modal multi-scale facial region features while taking into account contextual information to learn underlying features. Therefore, in order to solve the above problems, a multi-modal multi-scale algorithm based on transformer network is propo…
FGTBT: Frequency-Guided Task-Balancing Transformer for Unified Facial Landmark Detection
School of Information Engineering, Zhongnan University of Economics（经济法律大学信息工程学院）；School of Computer Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore（南洋理工大学计算机科学与工程学院）；College of Computer Science and Software Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China（深圳大学计算机科学与软件工程学院）；School of Information Science and Engineering, Yunnan University, Kunming, Yunnan, China（云南大学信息科学与工程学院）
Human affective behavior analysis has received much attention in human-computer interaction (HCI). In this paper, we introduce our submission to the CVPR 2022 Competition on Affective Behavior Analysis in-the-wild (ABAW). To fully exploit affective knowledge from multiple views, we utilize the multimodal features of spoken words, speech prosody, and facial expression, which are extracted from the video clips in the Aff-Wild2 dataset. Based on these features, we propose a unified transformer-based multimodal framework for Action Unit detection and also expression recognition. Specifically, the …
Great Bay University（大湾区大学）；University of Oxford（牛津大学）；Xi’an Jiaotong University（西安交通大学）；The University of Hong Kong（香港大学）；University of Oulu（奥卢大学）
Remote photoplethysmography (rPPG), which aims at measuring heart activities and physiological signals from facial video without any contact, has great potential in many applications (e.g., remote healthcare and affective computing). Recent deep learning approaches focus on mining subtle rPPG clues using convolutional neural networks with limited spatio-temporal receptive fields, which neglect the long-range spatio-temporal perception and interaction for rPPG modeling. In this paper, we propose two end-to-end video transformer based architectures, namely PhysFormer and PhysFormer++, to adaptiv…
University of Nottingham（诺丁汉大学）；Imperial College London（帝国理工学院）
Due to its importance in facial behaviour analysis, facial action unit (AU) detection has attracted increasing attention from the research community. Leveraging the online knowledge distillation framework, we propose the ``FANTrans" method for AU detection. Our model consists of a hybrid network of convolution and transformer blocks to learn per-AU features and to model AU co-occurrences. The model uses a pre-trained face alignment network as the feature extractor. After further transformation by a small learnable add-on convolutional subnet, the per-AU features are fed into transformer blocks…
Action Unit (AU) Detection is the branch of affective computing that aims at recognizing unitary facial muscular movements. It is key to unlock unbiased computational face representations and has therefore aroused great interest in the past few years. One of the main obstacles toward building efficient deep learning based AU detection system is the lack of wide facial image databases annotated by AU experts. In that extent the ABAW challenge paves the way toward better AU detection as it involves a 2M frames AU annotated dataset. In this paper, we present our submission to the ABAW3 challenge.…
Smile on the Face, Sadness in the Eyes: Bridging the Emotion Gap with a Multimodal Dataset of Eye and Facial Behaviors
School of Computer Science, China University of Geosciences (Wuhan)（中国地质大学（武汉）计算机科学学院）；School of Software Engineering, Huazhong University of Science and Technology（华中科技大学软件工程学院）；School of Computer Science, Wuhan University（武汉大学计算机科学学院）；School of Computing, Engineering and Mathematical Sciences, La Trobe University（拉筹伯大学计算科学、工程与数学科学学院）
This paper presents a novel Transformer-based facial landmark localization network named Localization Transformer (LOTR). The proposed framework is a direct coordinate regression approach leveraging a Transformer network to better utilize the spatial information in the feature map. An LOTR model consists of three main modules: 1) a visual backbone that converts an input image into a feature map, 2) a Transformer module that improves the feature representation from the visual backbone, and 3) a landmark prediction head that directly predicts the landmark coordinates from the Transformer's repre…
Zhejiang University（浙江大学）；University of Technology Sydney（悉尼科技大学）；DAMO Academy, Alibaba Group（阿里巴巴集团达摩院）
In this paper, we investigate the task of hallucinating an authentic high-resolution (HR) human face from multiple low-resolution (LR) video snapshots. We propose a pure transformer-based model, dubbed VidFace, to fully exploit the full-range spatio-temporal information and facial structure cues among multiple thumbnails. Specifically, VidFace handles multiple snapshots all at once and harnesses the spatial and temporal information integrally to explore face alignments across all the frames, thus avoiding accumulating alignment errors. Moreover, we design a recurrent position embedding module …
University of Technology Sydney（悉尼科技大学）；Southern University of Technology and Science（南方科技大学）；CalmCar（天瞳威视）
Heatmap regression methods have dominated face alignment area in recent years while they ignore the inherent relation between different landmarks. In this paper, we propose a Sparse Local Patch Transformer (SLPT) for learning the inherent relation. The SLPT generates the representation of each single landmark from a local patch and aggregates them by an adaptive inherent relation based on the attention mechanism. The subpixel coordinate of each landmark is predicted independently based on the aggregated feature. Moreover, a coarse-to-fine framework is further introduced to incorporate with the…
Face parsing aims to predict pixel-wise labels for facial components of a target face in an image. Existing approaches usually crop the target face from the input image with respect to a bounding box calculated during pre-processing, and thus can only parse inner facial Regions of Interest~(RoIs). Peripheral regions like hair are ignored and nearby faces that are partially included in the bounding box can cause distractions. Moreover, these methods are only trained and evaluated on near-frontal portrait images and thus their performance for in-the-wild cases has been unexplored. To address the…
UC Berkeley（加州大学伯克利分校）；Seoul National University（首尔国立大学）；Pinscreen
We present a framework for modeling interactional communication in dyadic conversations: given multimodal inputs of a speaker, we autoregressively output multiple possibilities of corresponding listener motion. We combine the motion and speech audio of the speaker using a motion-audio cross attention transformer. Furthermore, we enable non-deterministic prediction by learning a discrete latent representation of realistic listener motion with a novel motion-encoding VQ-VAE. Our method organically captures the multimodal and non-deterministic nature of nonverbal dyadic interactions. Moreover, it…
Precise Facial Landmark Detection by Dynamic Semantic Aggregation Transformer
School of Information Engineering, Zhongnan University of Economics and Law（中南财经政法大学信息工程学院）；College of Computer Science and Software Engineering, Shenzhen University（深圳大学计算机与软件学院）；School of Information Science and Technology, Sanda University（上海杉达学院信息科学与技术学院）；School of Information Science and Engineering, Yunnan University（云南大学信息科学与工程学院）；Singapore University of Technology and Design（新加坡科技设计大学）
University of Rochester（罗切斯特大学）；Megvii（旷视科技）；Beihang University（北京航空航天大学）
In this paper, we address the problem of makeup transfer, which aims at transplanting the makeup from the reference face to the source face while preserving the identity of the source. Existing makeup transfer methods have made notable progress in generating realistic makeup faces, but do not perform well in terms of color fidelity and spatial transformation. To tackle these issues, we propose a novel Facial Attribute Transformer (FAT) and its variant Spatial FAT for high-quality makeup transfer. Drawing inspirations from the Transformer in NLP, FAT is able to model the semantic correspondence…
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a lifelong neurodevelopmental disorder with very high prevalence around the world. Research progress in the field of ASD facial analysis in pediatric patients has been hindered due to a lack of well-established baselines. In this paper, we propose the use of the Vision Transformer (ViT) for the computational analysis of pediatric ASD. The presented model, known as ViTASD, distills knowledge from large facial expression datasets and offers model structure transferability. Specifically, ViTASD employs a vanilla ViT to extract features from patients' face images …
Adaptive Physical-Facial Representation Fusion via Subject-Invariant Cross-Modal Prompt Tuning for Video-Based Emotion Recognition
Department of Biomedical Engineering（生物医学工程系）；Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Measuring Theory and Precision Instrument（安徽省测量理论与精密仪器重点实验室）；School of Computer Science and Information Engineering（计算机科学与信息工程学院）
Since photorealistic faces can be readily generated by facial manipulation technologies nowadays, potential malicious abuse of these technologies has drawn great concerns. Numerous deepfake detection methods are thus proposed. However, existing methods only focus on detecting one-step facial manipulation. As the emergence of easy-accessible facial editing applications, people can easily manipulate facial components using multi-step operations in a sequential manner. This new threat requires us to detect a sequence of facial manipulations, which is vital for both detecting deepfake media and re…
DiffSpeaker: Speech-Driven 3D Facial Animation with Diffusion Transformer
The Hong Kong Polytechnic University（香港理工大学）；Center for Artificial Intelligence and Robotics, HKISI CAS（香港中文大学（深圳）人工智能与机器人中心（香港中文大学（深圳）与中国科学院深圳先进技术研究院共建））；State Key Laboratory of Multimodal Artificial Intelligence Systems, CASIA（中国科学院自动化研究所多模态人工智能系统国家重点实验室）；OPPO Research（OPPO研究院）；SenseTime Research（商汤科技研究院）
Department of Control Science and Engineering, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology（控制科学与工程系，上海科学技术大学）；Business School, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology（商学院，上海科学技术大学）；School of Psychology and Neuroscience, University of Glasgow（心理学与神经科学学院，格拉斯哥大学）
Facial expression recognition is an essential task for various applications, including emotion detection, mental health analysis, and human-machine interactions. In this paper, we propose a multi-modal facial expression recognition method that exploits audio information along with facial images to provide a crucial clue to differentiate some ambiguous facial expressions. Specifically, we introduce a Modal Fusion Module (MFM) to fuse audio-visual information, where image and audio features are extracted from Swin Transformer. Additionally, we tackle the imbalance problem in the dataset by emplo…
Twins-PainViT: Towards a Modality-Agnostic Vision Transformer Framework for Multimodal Automatic Pain Assessment using Facial Videos and fNIRS
Computational Biomedicine Laboratory of the Foundation for Research and Technology (FORTH)（希腊国家研究与技术基金会计算生物医学实验室）；Department of Electrical & Computer Engineering Hellenic Mediterranean University（希腊地中海大学电气与计算机工程系）
Wuhan Institute of Technology（武汉工程大学）；Harbin Institute of Technology（哈尔滨工业大学）；Wuhan University（武汉大学）
Recently, face super-resolution (FSR) methods either feed whole face image into convolutional neural networks (CNNs) or utilize extra facial priors (e.g., facial parsing maps, facial landmarks) to focus on facial structure, thereby maintaining the consistency of the facial structure while restoring facial details. However, the limited receptive fields of CNNs and inaccurate facial priors will reduce the naturalness and fidelity of the reconstructed face. In this paper, we propose a novel paradigm based on the self-attention mechanism (i.e., the core of Transformer) to fully explore the represe…
University of Electronic Science and Technology of China（电子科技大学）
This paper describes our submission to the fourth Affective Behavior Analysis (ABAW) competition. We proposed a hybrid CNN-Transformer model for the Multi-Task-Learning (MTL) and Learning from Synthetic Data (LSD) task. Experimental results on validation dataset shows that our method achieves better performance than baseline model, which verifies that the effectiveness of proposed network.
University of Electronic Science and Technology of China（中国电子科技大学）
Facial Action Coding System is an important approach of facial expression analysis.This paper describes our submission to the third Affective Behavior Analysis (ABAW) 2022 competition. We proposed a transfomer based model to detect facial action unit (FAU) in video. To be specific, we firstly trained a multi-modal model to extract both audio and visual feature. After that, we proposed a action units correlation module to learn relationships between each action unit labels and refine action unit detection result. Experimental results on validation dataset shows that our method achieves better p…
Samsung R&D Institute China Xi’an (SRCX)（三星中国西安研发中心（SRCX））；Samsung Advanced Institute of Technology (SAIT)（三星先进技术研究院（SAIT））
Accurate facial landmarks are essential prerequisites for many tasks related to human faces. In this paper, an accurate facial landmark detector is proposed based on cascaded transformers. We formulate facial landmark detection as a coordinate regression task such that the model can be trained end-to-end. With self-attention in transformers, our model can inherently exploit the structured relationships between landmarks, which would benefit landmark detection under challenging conditions such as large pose and occlusion. During cascaded refinement, our model is able to extract the most relevan…
China University of Geosciences (Wuhan)（中国地质大学（武汉））；The University of Sydney（悉尼大学）；Jingdong（京东）
The recent success of Transformer has provided a new direction to various visual understanding tasks, including video-based facial expression recognition (FER). By modeling visual relations effectively, Transformer has shown its power for describing complicated patterns. However, Transformer still performs unsatisfactorily to notice subtle facial expression movements, because the expression movements of many videos can be too small to extract meaningful spatial-temporal relations and achieve robust performance. To this end, we propose to decompose each video into a series of expression snippet…
As various databases of facial expressions have been made accessible over the last few decades, the Facial Expression Recognition (FER) task has gotten a lot of interest. The multiple sources of the available databases raised several challenges for facial recognition task. These challenges are usually addressed by Convolution Neural Network (CNN) architectures. Different from CNN models, a Transformer model based on attention mechanism has been presented recently to address vision tasks. One of the major issue with Transformers is the need of a large data for training, while most FER databases…
University of Science and Technology of China（中国科学技术大学）
Vision transformer (ViT) has been widely applied in many areas due to its self-attention mechanism that help obtain the global receptive field since the first layer. It even achieves surprising performance exceeding CNN in some vision tasks. However, there exists an issue when leveraging vision transformer into 2D+3D facial expression recognition (FER), i.e., ViT training needs mass data. Nonetheless, the number of samples in public 2D+3D FER datasets is far from sufficient for evaluation. How to utilize the ViT pre-trained on RGB images to handle 2D+3D data becomes a challenge. To solve this …
When it comes to wild conditions, Facial Expression Recognition is often challenged with low-quality data and imbalanced, ambiguous labels. This field has much benefited from CNN based approaches; however, CNN models have structural limitation to see the facial regions in distant. As a remedy, Transformer has been introduced to vision fields with global receptive field, but requires adjusting input spatial size to the pretrained models to enjoy their strong inductive bias at hands. We herein raise a question whether using the deterministic interpolation method is enough to feed low-resolution …
Inception Institute of Artificial Intelligence（起始人工智能研究院）；Terminus Group（特斯联科技集团）；The Chinese University of Hong Kong（香港中文大学）；The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology（香港科技大学）；Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences（中国科学院深圳先进技术研究院）
This paper presents a Refinement Pyramid Transformer (RePFormer) for robust facial landmark detection. Most facial landmark detectors focus on learning representative image features. However, these CNN-based feature representations are not robust enough to handle complex real-world scenarios due to ignoring the internal structure of landmarks, as well as the relations between landmarks and context. In this work, we formulate the facial landmark detection task as refining landmark queries along pyramid memories. Specifically, a pyramid transformer head (PTH) is introduced to build both homologo…
University of Science and Technology of China（中国科学技术大学）
Facial Expression Recognition (FER) in the wild is an extremely challenging task in computer vision due to variant backgrounds, low-quality facial images, and the subjectiveness of annotators. These uncertainties make it difficult for neural networks to learn robust features on limited-scale datasets. Moreover, the networks can be easily distributed by the above factors and perform incorrect decisions. Recently, vision transformer (ViT) and data-efficient image transformers (DeiT) present their significant performance in traditional classification tasks. The self-attention mechanism makes tran…
FSRT: Facial Scene Representation Transformer for Face Reenactment from Factorized Appearance, Head-pose, and Facial Expression Features
Autonomous Intelligent Systems - Computer Science Institute VI and Center for Robotics, University of Bonn（波恩大学自主智能系统 - 计算机科学第六研究所与机器人中心）；Lamarr Institute for Machine Learning and Artificial Intelligence（拉马尔机器学习和人工智能研究所）
Facial expression recognition (FER) is a challenging topic in artificial intelligence. Recently, many researchers have attempted to introduce Vision Transformer (ViT) to the FER task. However, ViT cannot fully utilize emotional features extracted from raw images and requires a lot of computing resources. To overcome these problems, we propose a quaternion orthogonal transformer (QOT) for FER. Firstly, to reduce redundancy among features extracted from pre-trained ResNet-50, we use the orthogonal loss to decompose and compact these features into three sets of orthogonal sub-features. Secondly, …
University of Tartu（塔尔图大学）；Sharif University of Technology（谢里夫理工大学）；University of South Carolina（南卡罗来纳大学）
Facial images disclose many hidden personal traits such as age, gender, race, health, emotion, and psychology. Understanding these traits will help to classify the people in different attributes. In this paper, we have presented a novel method for classifying images using a pretrained transformer model. We apply the pretrained transformer for the binary classification of facial images in criminal and non-criminal classes. The pretrained transformer of GPT-2 is trained to generate text and then fine-tuned to classify facial images. During the finetuning process with images, most of the layers o…
The paper describes our proposed methodology for the six basic expression classification track of Affective Behavior Analysis in-the-wild (ABAW) Competition 2022. In Learing from Synthetic Data(LSD) task, facial expression recognition (FER) methods aim to learn the representation of expression from the artificially generated data and generalise to real data. Because of the ambiguous of the synthetic data and the objectivity of the facial Action Unit (AU), we resort to the AU information for performance boosting, and make contributions as follows. First, to adapt the model to synthetic scenario…
SwinIFS: Landmark Guided Swin Transformer For Identity Preserving Face Super Resolution
King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals（国王法赫德石油和矿物大学）；The University of Western Australia（西澳大学）；The University of Canberra（堪培拉大学）；The University of Regina（里贾纳大学）
