To facilitate diagnosis on cardiac ultrasound (US), clinical practice has established several standard views of the heart, which serve as reference points for diagnostic measurements and define viewports from which images are acquired. Automatic view recognition involves grouping those images into classes of standard views. Although deep learning techniques have been successful in achieving this, they still struggle with fully verifying the suitability of an image for specific measurements due to factors like the correct location, pose, and potential occlusions of cardiac structures. Our approach goes beyond view classification and incorporates a 3D mesh reconstruction of the heart that enables several more downstream tasks, like segmentation and pose estimation. In this work, we explore learning 3D heart meshes via graph convolutions, using similar techniques to learn 3D meshes in natural images, such as human pose estimation. As the availability of fully annotated 3D images is limited, we generate synthetic US images from 3D meshes by training an adversarial denoising diffusion model. Experiments were conducted on synthetic and clinical cases for view recognition and structure detection. The approach yielded good performance on synthetic images and, despite being exclusively trained on synthetic data, it already showed potential when applied to clinical images. With this proof-of-concept, we aim to demonstrate the benefits of graphs to improve cardiac view recognition that can ultimately lead to better efficiency in cardiac diagnosis.
Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco（加州大学旧金山分校心血管研究所）；Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of California at Berkeley（加州大学伯克利分校电气工程与计算机科学系）；Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco（加州大学旧金山分校医学系）；Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, and Feinberg Cardiovascular Research Institute（医学系心脏病学科及范伯格心血管研究所）
Automated cardiac image interpretation has the potential to transform clinical practice in multiple ways including enabling low-cost serial assessment of cardiac function in the primary care and rural setting. We hypothesized that advances in computer vision could enable building a fully automated, scalable analysis pipeline for echocardiogram (echo) interpretation. Our approach entailed: 1) preprocessing; 2) convolutional neural networks (CNN) for view identification, image segmentation, and phasing of the cardiac cycle; 3) quantification of chamber volumes and left ventricular mass; 4) parti…
The University of Winnipeg（温尼伯大学）；Qatar University（卡塔尔大学）；Hamad Medical Corporation（哈马德医疗公司）
Cardiac imaging known as echocardiography is a non-invasive tool utilized to produce data including images and videos, which cardiologists use to diagnose cardiac abnormalities in general and myocardial infarction (MI) in particular. Echocardiography machines can deliver abundant amounts of data that need to be quickly analyzed by cardiologists to help them make a diagnosis and treat cardiac conditions. However, the acquired data quality varies depending on the acquisition conditions and the patient's responsiveness to the setup instructions. These constraints are challenging to doctors especi…
Extraction of volumetric indices from echocardiography: which deep learning solution for clinical use?
Univ Lyon（里昂大学）；Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1（里昂第一大学）；UJM-Saint Etienne（圣艾蒂安让·莫内大学）；CNRS（法国国家科学研究中心）；Inserm（法国国家健康与医学研究院）；University of Sherbrooke（舍布鲁克大学）；Hospices Civils de Lyon（里昂公立医院集团）
University of Alberta（阿尔伯塔大学）；Mazankowski Alberta Heart Institute（马赞科夫斯基阿尔伯塔心脏研究所）
Purpose: Echocardiography is commonly used as a non-invasive imaging tool in clinical practice for the assessment of cardiac function. However, delineation of the left ventricle is challenging due to the inherent properties of ultrasound imaging, such as the presence of speckle noise and the low signal-to-noise ratio. Methods: We propose a semi-automated segmentation algorithm for the delineation of the left ventricle in temporal 3D echocardiography sequences. The method requires minimal user interaction and relies on a diffeomorphic registration approach. Advantages of the method include no d…
Following the successful application of the U-Net to medical images, there have been different encoder-decoder models proposed as an improvement to the original U-Net for segmenting echocardiographic images. This study aims to examine the performance of the state-of-the-art proposed models as well as the original U-Net model by applying them to segment the endocardium of the Left Ventricle in 2D automatically. The prediction outputs of the models are used to evaluate the performance of the models by comparing the automated results against the expert annotations (gold standard). Our results rev…
Echocardiography (echo) is an indispensable tool in a cardiologist's diagnostic armamentarium. To date, almost all echocardiographic parameters require time-consuming manual labeling and measurements by an experienced echocardiographer and exhibit significant variability, owing to the noisy and artifact-laden nature of echo images. For example, mitral inflow (MI) Doppler is used to assess left ventricular (LV) diastolic function, which is of paramount clinical importance to distinguish between different cardiac diseases. In the current work we present a fully automated workflow which leverages…
ETH Zurich（苏黎世联邦理工学院）；University Hospital Zurich（苏黎世大学医院）
The segmentation of the mitral valve annulus and leaflets specifies a crucial first step to establish a machine learning pipeline that can support physicians in performing multiple tasks, e.g.\ diagnosis of mitral valve diseases, surgical planning, and intraoperative procedures. Current methods for mitral valve segmentation on 2D echocardiography videos require extensive interaction with annotators and perform poorly on low-quality and noisy videos. We propose an automated and unsupervised method for the mitral valve segmentation based on a low dimensional embedding of the echocardiography vid…
Echocardiography (echo) is a common means of evaluating cardiac conditions. Due to the label scarcity, semi-supervised paradigms in automated echo analysis are getting traction. One of the most sought-after problems in echo is the segmentation of cardiac structures (e.g. chambers). Accordingly, we propose an echocardiogram generation approach using generative adversarial networks with a conditional patch-based discriminator. In this work, we validate the feasibility of GAN-enhanced echo generation with different conditions (segmentation masks), namely, the left ventricle, ventricular myocardiu…
King's College London（伦敦国王学院）；Guy’s and St Thomas' Hospital（盖伊和圣托马斯医院）；University Medical Center Utrecht（乌得勒支大学医学中心）；Royal Brompton Hospital (Guy’s and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust)（皇家布朗普顿医院（盖伊和圣托马斯NHS基金会信托））
Left ventricular (LV) function is an important factor in terms of patient management, outcome, and long-term survival of patients with heart disease. The most recently published clinical guidelines for heart failure recognise that over reliance on only one measure of cardiac function (LV ejection fraction) as a diagnostic and treatment stratification biomarker is suboptimal. Recent advances in AI-based echocardiography analysis have shown excellent results on automated estimation of LV volumes and LV ejection fraction. However, from time-varying 2-D echocardiography acquisition, a richer descr…
Orientation-Robust Latent Motion Trajectory Learning for Annotation-free Cardiac Phase Detection in Fetal Echocardiography
Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Engineering Science, University of Oxford（生物医学工程研究所，工程科学系，牛津大学）；Nuffield Department of Women’s and Reproductive Health, University of Oxford（妇女与生殖健康纽菲尔德部门，牛津大学）
Standard views in two-dimensional echocardiography are well established but the quality of acquired images are highly dependent on operator skills and are assessed subjectively. This study is aimed at providing an objective assessment pipeline for echocardiogram image quality by defining a new set of domain-specific quality indicators. Consequently, image quality assessment can thus be automated to enhance clinical measurements, interpretation, and real-time optimization. We have developed deep neural networks for the automated assessment of echocardiographic frame which were randomly sampled …
Automated Parking is a low speed manoeuvring scenario which is quite unstructured and complex, requiring full 360° near-field sensing around the vehicle. In this paper, we discuss the design and implementation of an automated parking system from the perspective of camera based deep learning algorithms. We provide a holistic overview of an industrial system covering the embedded system, use cases and the deep learning architecture. We demonstrate a real-time multi-task deep learning network called FisheyeMultiNet, which detects all the necessary objects for parking on a low-power embedded syste…
University of Oslo（奥斯陆大学）；GE Vingmed Ultrasound（GE维ingmed超声公司）；GE Research（通用电气研究中心）
Accurate and consistent predictions of echocardiography parameters are important for cardiovascular diagnosis and treatment. In particular, segmentations of the left ventricle can be used to derive ventricular volume, ejection fraction (EF) and other relevant measurements. In this paper we propose a new automated method called EchoGraphs for predicting ejection fraction and segmenting the left ventricle by detecting anatomical keypoints. Models for direct coordinate regression based on Graph Convolutional Networks (GCNs) are used to detect the keypoints. GCNs can learn to represent the cardiac…
Cardiac valve event timing in echocardiography using deep learning and triplane recordings
GE Vingmed Ultrasound；Norwegian University of Science and Technology（挪威科技大学）；Oslo University Hospital, Rikshospitalet（奥斯陆大学医院（雷克沙医院））；University of Oslo（奥斯陆大学）；SINTEF Digital（SINTEF数字研究所）；St. Olavs hospital（圣奥拉夫斯医院）
Compute-Optimal Network Design for Echocardiography Myocardial Segmentation and Perfusion Quantification using Neural Scaling Laws
Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London（生物工程系，帝国理工学院伦敦分校）；National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London（国家心脏和肺 institute，帝国理工学院伦敦分校）；Guy’s and St. Thomas’ NHS Foundation Trust（圣泰莫斯国家健康服务信托基金）
Data-driven perception approaches are well-established in automated driving systems. In many fields even super-human performance is reached. Unlike prediction and planning approaches, mainly supervised learning algorithms are used for the perception domain. Therefore, a major remaining challenge is the efficient generation of ground truth data. As perception modules are positioned close to the sensor, they typically run on raw sensor data of high bandwidth. Due to that, the generation of ground truth labels typically causes a significant manual effort, which leads to high costs for the labelli…
NVIDIA（英伟达）；Lenovo Research（联想研究院）；Piedmont Heart Institute（皮埃蒙特心脏研究所）；Tencent Medical AI Lab（腾讯医疗人工智能实验室）；University of California, Irvine（加州大学欧文分校）
Echocardiography has become routinely used in the diagnosis of cardiomyopathy and abnormal cardiac blood flow. However, manually measuring myocardial motion and cardiac blood flow from echocardiogram is time-consuming and error-prone. Computer algorithms that can automatically track and quantify myocardial motion and cardiac blood flow are highly sought after, but have not been very successful due to noise and high variability of echocardiography. In this work, we propose a neural multi-scale self-supervised registration (NMSR) method for automated myocardial and cardiac blood flow dense track…
GHOST-CAT: An Efficient and Practical Network for Mesh Generation from 3D Echocardiography
Auckland Bioengineering Institute, University of Auckland（奥克兰大学生物工程研究所）；Faculty of Informatics, Telkom University（印尼电信大学信息学院）；School of Biomedical Engineering and Imaging Sciences, King’s College London（伦敦国王学院生物医学工程与成像科学系）；Department of Engineering Science and Biomedical Engineering, University of Auckland（奥克兰大学生命科学工程系）
ETH Zürich（苏黎世联邦理工学院）；University Children’s Hospital Regensburg (KUNO)（雷根斯堡大学儿童医院（KUNO））
Pulmonary hypertension (PH) in newborns and infants is a complex condition associated with several pulmonary, cardiac, and systemic diseases contributing to morbidity and mortality. Therefore, accurate and early detection of PH is crucial for successful management. Using echocardiography, the primary diagnostic tool in pediatrics, human assessment is both time-consuming and expertise-demanding, raising the need for an automated approach. In this work, we present an interpretable multi-view video-based deep learning approach to predict PH for a cohort of 194 newborns using echocardiograms. We u…
GE Vingmed Ultrasound, GE Healthcare（通用电气医疗集团GE Vingmed超声部门）；University of Oslo（奥斯陆大学）；Norwegian Computing Center（挪威计算中心）
Two-dimensional echocardiography (2DE) measurements of left ventricle (LV) dimensions are highly significant markers of several cardiovascular diseases. These measurements are often used in clinical care despite suffering from large variability between observers. This variability is due to the challenging nature of accurately finding the correct temporal and spatial location of measurement endpoints in ultrasound images. These images often contain fuzzy boundaries and varying reflection patterns between frames. In this work, we present a convolutional neural network (CNN) based approach to aut…
Predicting Pulmonary Hypertension in Newborns: A Multi-view VAE Approach
Department of Computer Science ETH Zurich（计算机科学系，苏黎世联邦理工学院）；Department of Neonatology, University Children’s Hospital Regensburg (KUNO)（儿科部，雷根萨大学儿童医院（KUNO））；Hospital St. Hedwig of the Order of St. John（圣约翰修会圣海德维格医院）；University of Regensburg（雷根萨大学）
Recent research is trying to leverage occupants' demand in the building's control loop to consider individuals' well-being and the buildings' energy savings. To that end, a real-time feedback system is needed to provide data about occupants' comfort conditions that can be used to control the building's heating, cooling, and air conditioning (HVAC) system. The emergence of thermal imaging techniques provides an excellent opportunity for contactless data gathering with no interruption in occupant conditions and activities. There is increasing attention to infrared thermal camera usage in public …
