The advent of generative artificial intelligence and the widespread adoption of it in society engendered intensive debates about its ethical implications and risks. These risks often differ from those associated with traditional discriminative machine learning. To synthesize the recent discourse and map its normative concepts, we conducted a scoping review on the ethics of generative artificial intelligence, including especially large language models and text-to-image models. Our analysis provides a taxonomy of 378 normative issues in 19 topic areas and ranks them according to their prevalence in the literature. The study offers a comprehensive overview for scholars, practitioners, or policymakers, condensing the ethical debates surrounding fairness, safety, harmful content, hallucinations, privacy, interaction risks, security, alignment, societal impacts, and others. We discuss the results, evaluate imbalances in the literature, and explore unsubstantiated risk scenarios.
A Scoping Review of the Ethical Perspectives on Anthropomorphising Large Language Model-Based Conversational Agents
Institute of Biomedical Ethics and History of Medicine, University of Zürich(苏黎世大学生物医学伦理与医学史研究所);Dalle Molle Institute for Artificial Intelligence (IDSIA), SUPSI(瑞士SUPSI人工智能研究所);ETH Zürich(苏黎世联邦理工学院);Institute for Implementation Science in Health Care, University of Zürich(苏黎世大学医疗实施科学研究所);Department of Management, Technology and Economics, ETH Zürich(苏黎世联邦理工学院管理、技术与经济系);Dipartimento Tecnologie Innovative, SUPSI(SUPSI创新技术系);Management in Networked and Digital Societies (MINDS) Department, Kozminski University(科兹明斯基大学网络化与数字化社会管理系)
Retrieval-Augmented Generation in Medicine: A Scoping Review of Technical Implementations, Clinical Applications, and Ethical Considerations
Duke–NUS Medical School(杜克-新加坡国立大学医学院);University of Cambridge(剑桥大学);The University of Tokyo(东京大学);Singapore General Hospital(新加坡中央医院);University of Geneva(日内瓦大学);Duke School of Medicine(杜克大学医学院);Duke Clinical Research Institute(杜克临床研究所);Singapore Eye Research Institute(新加坡眼科研究所);Singapore National Eye Center(新加坡国家眼科中心);Stanford University(斯坦福大学);Singapore Health Services(新加坡保健服务集团);National University of Singapore(新加坡国立大学)
Applying and Evaluating Large Language Models in Mental Health Care: A Scoping Review of Human-Assessed Generative Tasks
Harvard T.H. Chan School of Public Health(哈佛大学陈曾熙公共卫生学院);Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center(贝斯以色列女执事医疗中心);University of Technology Sydney(悉尼科技大学);UTHealth Houston(德克萨斯大学休斯顿健康科学中心);University of Oxford(牛津大学);Massachusetts Institute of Technology(麻省理工学院);Harvard Medical School(哈佛医学院)
Ethical Concerns of Generative AI and Mitigation Strategies: A Systematic Mapping Study
Faculty of Information Technology, Monash University(墨尔本大学信息科技学院);School of Science, Computing and Engineering Technologies, Swinburne University(斯威本大学科学与工程技术学院);School of Information Technology, Deakin University(德肯大学信息科技学院)
The Era of Foundation Models in Medical Imaging is Approaching : A Scoping Review of the Clinical Value of Large-Scale Generative AI Applications in Radiology
A Scoping Review of Large Language Model-Based Pedagogical Agents
Department of Education and Human Services, College of Education, Lehigh University(教育与人类服务学院,教育学院,莱维大学);Department of Community and Global Health, College of Health, Lehigh University(社区与全球健康学院,健康学院,莱维大学)
Stochastic Parrots or ICU Experts? Large Language Models in Critical Care Medicine: A Scoping Review
National Institute of Health Data Science, Peking University(北京大学健康医疗大数据国家研究院);Institute of Medical Technology, Peking University Health Science Center(北京大学医学部医学技术研究院);Institute for Artificial Intelligence, Peking University(北京大学人工智能研究院);Advanced Institute of Information Technology, Peking University(北京大学信息技术高等研究院);Peking University Third Hospital(北京大学第三医院);University of Liverpool(利物浦大学);Johns Hopkins School of Medicine(约翰斯·霍普金斯大学医学院);University of California, Los Angeles(加州大学洛杉矶分校);Peking University People’s Hospital(北京大学人民医院)
A Scoping Review of AI-Driven Digital Interventions in Mental Health Care: Mapping Applications Across Screening, Support, Monitoring, Prevention, and Clinical Education
School of International and Public Affairs(国际与公共事务学院);Columbia University(哥伦比亚大学);Department of Psychology(心理学系);Seton Hall University(塞顿·霍尔大学)
Ethical issues with using Internet of Things devices in citizen science research: A scoping review
我们的章节提出了一个范围审查已发表的科学研究或案例研究的科学研究,利用公民科学家和物联网设备。具体来说,我们选择了作者至少对研究过程中遇到的伦理问题进行了简短讨论的研究。在对5个数据库(IEEE Xplore、Scopus、Web of Science、ProQuest和PubMed)进行检索后,我们确定了631个潜在结果。经过摘要和标题筛选,然后进行全文合格性评估,我们确定了34篇符合我们标准的已发表文章。然后,我们对这些文章的全文进行了归纳和演绎分析,将伦理问题分为三个主要类别。这些类别是自治和数据隐私,数据质量和知识产权。我们还分析了这些文章的全文,看看研究人员采取了什么策略来解决这些伦理问题,以及提出的任何法律问题。在此分析之后,我们的讨论为希望将公民科学家和物联网设备整合到他们的研究中的研究人员提供了建议。首先,所有公民科学项目都应整合数据隐私协议,以保护参与者的机密性。第二,科学研究人员在建立项目之前应考虑任何潜在的数据质量问题,包括是否需要妥协。最后,所有知识产权问题都应该在项目开始时和项目生命周期中澄清。研究人员还应该考虑使用商用物联网设备进行研究可能产生的任何伦理问题。
Benefits, Challenges and Contributors to Success for National eHealth Systems Implementation: A Scoping Review
我们的范围界定审查旨在评估哪些法律、道德和社会技术因素有助于或抑制国家电子医疗系统实施的成功。此外,我们的审查旨在描述电子卫生系统的特点和好处。我们对2000年1月至2020年期间发表的英文文献进行了范围审查,使用关键词检索五个数据库:PubMed,Scopus,Web of Science,IEEEEXplore和ProQuest。在删除重复、摘要筛选和全文过滤后,从8276个检索结果中纳入了86篇文章。我们确定了17个利益相关者群体、6个电子卫生系统领域和15种法律制度和标准。深入的文本分析揭示了主要在执行方面的挑战,其次是道德法律和数据相关方面的挑战。影响成功的关键因素包括促进对该系统的信任,确保用户更广泛地接受该系统,使该系统符合法律要求,并确保有一个适应性强的技术平台。结果显示,支持分散的实施,因为它们比集中的实施和参与挑战更少。同时,由于分散的系统互操作性问题,联邦实现(具有一组国家标准)可能更可取。这项研究确定了主要的社会技术,法律和道德因素,挑战和促进电子卫生系统的成功实施。本研究还描述了现有的电子健康实施方案的复杂性和特点,并推测解决所确定的挑战的建议指导。
Rethinking Generative AI Literacy: An Integrative, Developmental, and Dialectical Framework for K-12 Teacher Education
University of Maryland Baltimore County(马里兰大学巴尔的摩分校);Kent State University(肯特州立大学);Pennsylvania State University(宾夕法尼亚州立大学);The University of Alabama(阿拉巴马大学);George Washington University(乔治华盛顿大学);Pepperdine University(佩珀代因大学);Universiti Malaya(马来亚大学);Begum Rokeya University(贝古姆·罗姬娅大学)
Navigating Ethical Challenges in Generative AI-Enhanced Research: The ETHICAL Framework for Responsible Generative AI Use
University of Southern Queensland(南昆士兰大学);Monash University(莫纳什大学);University of Technology Sydney(悉尼科技大学);University of Newcastle(纽卡斯尔大学);Edinburgh Napier University(爱丁堡龙比亚大学);Central Queensland University(中央昆士兰大学);Stellenbosch University(斯泰伦博斯大学);University of Alberta(阿尔伯塔大学);Griffith University(格里菲斯大学);UCSI University(思特雅大学);Edith Cowan University(伊迪斯科文大学)
Toward Sustainable Generative AI: A Scoping Review of Carbon Footprint and Environmental Impacts Across Training and Inference Stages
Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST)(蔚山科学技术院);Graduate School of Carbon Neutrality, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST)(蔚山科学技术院碳中和研究生院)
Business and ethical concerns in domestic Conversational Generative AI-empowered multi-robot systems
University of Vaasa(瓦萨大学);University of Arts London(伦敦艺术大学);University of Jyväskylä(于韦斯屈莱大学);University of Helsinki(赫尔辛基大学);Free University of Bozen-Bolzano(博尔扎诺自由大学);University of Tampere(坦佩雷大学)
Artificial Intelligence and Cost Reduction in Public Higher Education: A Scoping Review of Emerging Evidence
School of Science and Technology, Hellenic Open University(希腊开放大学科学与技术学院);School of Humanities, Hellenic Open University(希腊开放大学人文学院);School of Social Sciences, Hellenic Open University(希腊开放大学社会科学学院)
Generative Artificial Intelligence in Healthcare: Ethical Considerations and Assessment Checklist
Duke-NUS Medical School(杜克-新加坡国立大学医学院);National University of Singapore(新加坡国立大学);University of Oxford(牛津大学);Imperial College London(帝国理工学院);University of Antwerp(安特卫普大学);Singapore Eye Research Institute(新加坡眼科研究所);Singapore National Eye Centre(新加坡全国眼科中心);Singapore Health Services(新加坡保健服务);Singapore General Hospital(新加坡中央医院);Hangzhou Dianzi University(杭州电子科技大学);Nanyang Technological University(南洋理工大学);The Chinese University of Hong Kong(香港中文大学);Scripps Research(斯克里普斯研究所)