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arXiv 2401.04766astro-ph.GA
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一个尘埃弥漫的所在:从银河系到矮星系质量的星系尘埃种群演化

A Dusty Locale: Evolution of Galactic Dust Populations from Milky Way to Dwarf-Mass Galaxies

Caleb R. Choban, Dušan Kereš, Karin M. Sandstrom, Philip F. Hopkins, Christopher C. Hayward, Claude-André Faucher-Giguère

AI总结:

本研究利用FIRE宇宙学模拟,揭示星系尘埃种群演化受临界金属丰度阈值控制,气体-尘埃吸积为主导机制,并发现平衡时标差异可解释观测离散性。

摘要:

观测表明,尘埃种群在不同星系之间以及星系内部都存在差异,这暗示着尘埃具有复杂的生命周期和演化历史。在此,我们利用“真实环境中的反馈”(FIRE)项目中的一系列宇宙学放大模拟,研究了星系尘埃种群在宇宙时间尺度上的演化,模拟覆盖的维里质量范围为 $M_{\rm vir}=10^{9-12}M_{\odot}$,恒星质量范围为 $M_{*}=10^{6-11}\\,M_{\odot}$。我们的模拟纳入了一个尘埃演化模型,该模型考虑了尘埃产生、增长和毁灭的主要来源,并追踪了特定尘埃种类的演化。我们模拟中的所有星系尘埃种群都表现出相似的演化历史,其中气体-尘埃吸积是除金属丰度最低的星系外所有星系尘埃质量的主要生产者。与之前的研究类似,我们发现高效气体-尘埃吸积的开始发生在一个“临界”金属丰度阈值($Z_{\rm crit}$)之上。由于这一阈值,我们的模拟再现了观测到的星系尘埃与金属丰度比(D/Z)与金属丰度之间的关系,以及星际介质中的元素耗减趋势。然而,我们发现 $Z_{\rm crit}$ 因尘埃种类而异,这是由于关键元素丰度、尘埃物理性质和生命周期过程的差异所致,导致金属铁、硅酸盐和碳质尘埃的 $Z_{\rm crit}$ 分别约为 $0.05Z_{\odot}$、$0.2Z_{\odot}$ 和 $0.5Z_{\odot}$。这些差异或许可以解释在麦哲伦云中观测到的缺乏小碳质尘埃颗粒的现象。我们还发现气体-尘埃吸积开始与尘埃种群达到平衡之间存在延迟,我们将其称为平衡时标($\tau_{\rm eq}$)。$\tau_{\rm eq}$ 与星系金属增丰时标(由其近期演化历史决定)之间的关系,可能有助于解释观测到的星系D/Z与金属丰度关系中的离散性。

英文摘要:

Observations indicate dust populations vary between galaxies and within them, suggesting a complex life cycle and evolutionary history. Here we investigate the evolution of galactic dust populations across cosmic time using a suite of cosmological zoom-in simulations from the Feedback in Realistic Environments (FIRE) project, spanning $M_{\rm vir}=10^{9-12}M_{\odot};\,M_{*}=10^{6-11}\,M_{\odot}$. Our simulations incorporate a dust evolution model that accounts for the dominant sources of dust production, growth, and destruction and follows the evolution of specific dust species. All galactic dust populations in our suite exhibit similar evolutionary histories, with gas-dust accretion being the dominant producer of dust mass for all but the most metal-poor galaxies. Similar to previous works, we find the onset of efficient gas-dust accretion occurs above a `critical' metallicity threshold ($Z_{\rm crit}$). Due to this threshold, our simulations reproduce observed trends between galactic D/Z and metallicity and element depletion trends in the ISM. However, we find $Z_{\rm crit}$ varies between dust species due to differences in key element abundances, dust physical properties, and life cycle processes resulting in $Z_{\rm crit}\sim0.05Z_{\odot},\,0.2Z_{\odot},\,0.5Z_{\odot}$ for metallic iron, silicates, and carbonaceous dust, respectively. These variations could explain the lack of small carbonaceous grains observed in the Magellanic Clouds. We also find a delay between the onset of gas-dust accretion and when a dust population reaches equilibrium, which we call the equilibrium timescale ($τ_{\rm eq}$). The relation between $τ_{\rm eq}$ and the metal enrichment timescale of a galaxy, determined by its recent evolutionary history, can contribute to the scatter in the observed relation between galactic D/Z and metallicity.

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