As the global population continues to expand, the demand for natural resources increases. Unfortunately, human activities account for 23% of greenhouse gas emissions. On a positive note, remote sensing technologies have emerged as a valuable tool in managing our environment. These technologies allow us to monitor land use, plan urban areas, and drive advancements in areas such as agriculture, climate change mitigation, disaster recovery, and environmental monitoring. Recent advances in AI, computer vision, and earth observation data have enabled unprecedented accuracy in land use mapping. By using transfer learning and fine-tuning with RGB bands, we achieved an impressive 99.19% accuracy in land use analysis. Such findings can be used to inform conservation and urban planning policies.
TU Kaiserslautern（凯撒斯劳滕工业大学）；German Research Center for Artificial Intelligence (DFKI)（德国人工智能研究中心（DFKI））
In this paper, we address the challenge of land use and land cover classification using Sentinel-2 satellite images. The Sentinel-2 satellite images are openly and freely accessible provided in the Earth observation program Copernicus. We present a novel dataset based on Sentinel-2 satellite images covering 13 spectral bands and consisting out of 10 classes with in total 27,000 labeled and geo-referenced images. We provide benchmarks for this novel dataset with its spectral bands using state-of-the-art deep Convolutional Neural Network (CNNs). With the proposed novel dataset, we achieved an ov…
Deep learning semantic segmentation algorithms have provided improved frameworks for the automated production of Land-Use and Land-Cover (LULC) maps, which significantly increases the frequency of map generation as well as consistency of production quality. In this research, a total of 28 different model variations were examined to improve the accuracy of LULC maps. The experiments were carried out using Landsat 5/7 or Landsat 8 satellite images with the North American Land Change Monitoring System labels. The performance of various CNNs and extension combinations were assessed, where VGGNet w…
Military Institute of Science & Technology（军事科学技术研究院）；Independent University, Bangladesh（孟加拉国独立大学）
This paper analyses how well a Fast Fully Convolutional Network (FastFCN) semantically segments satellite images and thus classifies Land Use/Land Cover(LULC) classes. Fast-FCN was used on Gaofen-2 Image Dataset (GID-2) to segment them in five different classes: BuiltUp, Meadow, Farmland, Water and Forest. The results showed better accuracy (0.93), precision (0.99), recall (0.98) and mean Intersection over Union (mIoU)(0.97) than other approaches like using FCN-8 or eCognition, a readily available software. We presented a comparison between the results. We propose FastFCN to be both faster and…
Accubits Technologies Inc（Accubits科技公司）；Acharya Narendra Dev College, University of Delhi（德里大学阿查里雅·纳伦德拉·德夫学院）；University of Calgary（卡尔加里大学）
Efficiently implementing remote sensing image classification with high spatial resolution imagery can provide a significant value in Land Use and Land Cover (LULC) classification. The new advances in remote sensing and deep learning technologies have facilitated the extraction of spatiotemporal information for LULC classification. Moreover, the diverse disciplines of science, including remote sensing, have utilised tremendous improvements in image classification by Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs) with transfer learning. In this study, instead of training CNNs from scratch, the transfer le…
LandSegmenter: Towards a Flexible Foundation Model for Land Use and Land Cover Mapping
Chair of Data Science in Earth Observation, Technical University of Munich（地球观测数据科学教授职位，慕尼黑技术大学）；Munich Center for Machine Learning (MCML)（慕尼黑机器学习中心（MCML））
Anna University（安娜大学）；Akshya College Of Engineering And Technology（阿克沙亚工程与技术学院）
Maps are used to describe far-off places . It is an aid for navigation and military strategies. Mapping of the lands are important and the mapping work is based on (i). Natural resource management & development (ii). Information technology ,(iii). Environmental development ,(iv). Facility management and (v). e-governance. The Landuse / Landcover system espoused by almost all Organisations and scientists, engineers and remote sensing community who are involved in mapping of earth surface features, is a system which is derived from the united States Geological Survey (USGS) LULC classification s…
This work presents use of Fully Convolutional Network (FCN-8) for semantic segmentation of high-resolution RGB earth surface satel-lite images into land use land cover (LULC) categories. Specically, we propose a non-overlapping grid-based approach to train a Fully Convo-lutional Network (FCN-8) with vgg-16 weights to segment satellite im-ages into four (forest, built-up, farmland and water) classes. The FCN-8 semantically projects the discriminating features in lower resolution learned by the encoder onto the pixel space in higher resolution to get a dense classi cation. We experimented the pr…
Heterogeneous SAR-optical fusion for near-real-time land use and land cover mapping under cloud contamination: A novel framework and global benchmark dataset
State Key Laboratory of Information Engineering in Surveying, Mapping and Remote Sensing（信息工程测绘与遥感国家重点实验室）；School of Computer Science and Information Engineering（计算机科学与信息工程学院）；Hangzhou International Innovation Institute（杭州国际创新研究院）；Oriental Space Port Research Institute（东方航天港研究院）；Hubei Luojia Laboratory（湖北珞珈实验室）
SRM TRP Engineering College（SRM TRP工程学院）；University of Sannio（萨尼奥大学）；GSSS Institute of Engineering and Technology for Women（GSSS女子工程技术学院）
Land use and land cover (LULC) classification using remote sensing imagery plays a vital role in many environment modeling and land use inventories. In this study, a hybrid feature optimization algorithm along with a deep learning classifier is proposed to improve the performance of LULC classification, helping to predict wildlife habitat, deteriorating environmental quality, haphazard, etc. LULC classification is assessed using Sat 4, Sat 6 and Eurosat datasets. After the selection of remote sensing images, normalization and histogram equalization methods are used to improve the quality of th…
Pre-processing training data improves accuracy and generalisability of convolutional neural network based landscape semantic segmentation
Remote Sensing Research Centre, The University of Queensland（昆士兰大学遥感研究中心）；Applied Agricultural Remote Sensing Centre, The University of New England（新英格兰大学应用农业遥感中心）
SenCLIP: Enhancing zero-shot land-use mapping for Sentinel-2 with ground-level prompting
Mediterranean Agronomic Institute of Montpellier - CIHEAM-IAMM（地中海农业研究院-CIHEAM-IAMM）；Inria（法国国家信息与自动化技术研究院）；INRAE（法国国家农业研究咨询中心）；Cirad（国际热带农业研究中心）；UMR TETIS（TETIS联合研究单位）；Univ. of Montpellier（蒙彼利埃大学）
3D LULC classification using multispectral LiDAR and deep learning: current and prospective schemes
D Optical Metrology (3DOM) Unit, Bruno Kessler Foundation (FBK)（3D光学计量（3DOM）单元，布鲁诺·凯塞尔基金会（FBK））；Department of Geodesy and Geoinformation, TU Wien（测绘与地理信息系，维也纳技术大学）；Helmholtz-ZentrumDresden-Rossendorf (HZDR), Helmholtz Institute Freiberg for Resource Technology (HIF)（德累斯顿-罗斯托克赫尔姆霍尔茨研究中心（HZDR），资源技术赫尔姆霍尔茨研究所（HIF））；Freie Universität Berlin, Remote Sensing and Geoinformatics（柏林自由大学，遥感与地理信息学）；Department of Remote Sensing and Photogrammetry, Finnish Geospatial Research Institute FGI, The National Land Survey of Finland（芬兰地理研究所（FGI），芬兰国家土地测绘局）
SceneMixer: Exploring Convolutional Mixing Networks for Remote Sensing Scene Classification
College of Engineering（工程学院）；University of Dubai（迪拜大学）；Department of Geography（地理系）；Simon Fraser University（西蒙弗雷泽大学）；Department of Computer Science（计算机科学系）；Tezpur University（泰朱普大学）
In the remote sensing community, Land Use Land Cover (LULC) classification with satellite imagery is a main focus of current research activities. Accurate and appropriate LULC classification, however, continues to be a challenging task. In this paper, we evaluate the performance of multi-temporal (monthly time series) compared to mono-temporal (single time step) satellite images for multi-label classification using supervised learning on the RapidAI4EO dataset. As a first step, we trained our CNN model on images at a single time step for multi-label classification, i.e. mono-temporal. We incor…
Semi-supervised learning (SSL) has made significant strides in the field of remote sensing. Finding a large number of labeled datasets for SSL methods is uncommon, and manually labeling datasets is expensive and time-consuming. Furthermore, accurately identifying remote sensing satellite images is more complicated than it is for conventional images. Class-imbalanced datasets are another prevalent phenomenon, and models trained on these become biased towards the majority classes. This becomes a critical issue with an SSL model's subpar performance. We aim to address the issue of labeling unlabe…
Institute of Astronomy, Astrophysics, Space Applications & Remote Sensing, National Observatory of Athens（雅典国家天文台天文、天体物理、空间应用与遥感研究所）；Harokopio University of Athens（雅典哈罗科皮奥大学）；University of the Peloponnese（伯罗奔尼撒大学）
The availability of the sheer volume of Copernicus Sentinel-2 imagery has created new opportunities for exploiting deep learning (DL) methods for land use land cover (LULC) image classification. However, an extensive set of benchmark experiments is currently lacking, i.e. DL models tested on the same dataset, with a common and consistent set of metrics, and in the same hardware. In this work, we use the BigEarthNet Sentinel-2 dataset to benchmark for the first time different state-of-the-art DL models for the multi-label, multi-class LULC image classification problem, contributing with an exha…
Instituto Tecnológico de Mazatlan（马萨特兰理工学院）；Instituto Politecnico Nacional（国立理工学院）；CICATA-Qro（克雷塔罗应用科学与技术研究中心）；Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro（克雷塔罗自治大学）
Large datasets of sub-meter aerial imagery represented as orthophoto mosaics are widely available today, and these data sets may hold a great deal of untapped information. This imagery has a potential to locate several types of features; for example, forests, parking lots, airports, residential areas, or freeways in the imagery. However, the appearances of these things vary based on many things including the time that the image is captured, the sensor settings, processing done to rectify the image, and the geographical and cultural context of the region captured by the image. This thesis explo…
Marmara University（马尔马拉大学）；Independent scientist（独立科学家）
Deep learning methods have been successfully applied to remote sensing problems for several years. Among these methods, CNN based models have high accuracy in solving the land classification problem using satellite or aerial images. Although these models have high accuracy, this generally comes with large memory size requirements. On the other hand, it is desirable to have small-sized models for applications, such as the ones implemented on unmanned aerial vehicles, with low memory space. Unfortunately, small-sized CNN models do not provide high accuracy as with their large-sized versions. In …
Dirección General de Inteligencia Gubernamental（瓜纳华托州政府情报总局）；Coordinación general de innovación Gubernamental del Gobierno del estado Jalisco（哈利斯科州政府政府创新协调局）
The understanding of global climate change, agriculture resilience, and deforestation control rely on the timely observations of the Land Use and Land Cover Change (LULCC). Recently, some deep learning (DL) methods have been adapted to make an automatic classification of Land Cover (LC) for global and homogeneous data. However, most of these DL models can not apply effectively to real-world data. i.e. a large number of classes, multi-seasonal data, diverse climate regions, high imbalance label dataset, and low-spatial resolution. In this work, we present our novel lightweight (only 89k paramet…
Multitask GLocal OBIA-Mamba for Sentinel-2 Landcover Mapping
Department of Geomatics Engineering, University of Calgary（测绘工程系，卡尔加里大学）；Department of Geography, Faculty of Arts, The University of Jordan（地理系，艺术学院，约旦大学）
Spatial Gated Multi-Layer Perceptron for Land Use and Land Cover Mapping
Simon Fraser University（西蒙菲莎大学）；Alipurduar Government Engineering and Management College（阿里布尔杜阿尔政府工程与管理学院）；Aerospace Information Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Sciences（中国科学院空天信息创新研究院）；Lancaster University（兰卡斯特大学）；Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf (HZDR)（德累斯顿-罗森多夫亥姆霍兹中心）；Institute of Advanced Research in Artificial Intelligence (IARAI)（人工智能高级研究所）
Earth observation (EO) sensors deliver data with daily or weekly temporal resolution. Most land use and land cover (LULC) approaches, however, expect cloud-free and mono-temporal observations. The increasing temporal capabilities of today's sensors enables the use of temporal, along with spectral and spatial features. Domains, such as speech recognition or neural machine translation, work with inherently temporal data and, today, achieve impressive results using sequential encoder-decoder structures. Inspired by these sequence-to-sequence models, we adapt an encoder structure with convolutiona…
Technical University of Munich（慕尼黑工业大学）；German Aerospace Center（德国航空航天中心）；Planet Labs（行星实验室）
Earth observation is a fundamental tool for monitoring the evolution of land use in specific areas of interest. Observing and precisely defining change, in this context, requires both time-series data and pixel-wise segmentations. To that end, we propose the DynamicEarthNet dataset that consists of daily, multi-spectral satellite observations of 75 selected areas of interest distributed over the globe with imagery from Planet Labs. These observations are paired with pixel-wise monthly semantic segmentation labels of 7 land use and land cover (LULC) classes. DynamicEarthNet is the first dataset…
CerraData-4MM: A multimodal benchmark dataset on Cerrado for land use and land cover classification
Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais (INPE)（巴西国家空间研究院）；German Aerospace Center (DLR)（德国航空航天中心）；German Society for International Cooperation (GIZ)（德国国际合作机构）
CIRAD（法国农业研究与发展中心）；IRSTEA（法国国家环境与农业科学技术研究院）；University of Montpellier（蒙彼利埃大学）
Nowadays, modern Earth Observation systems continuously generate huge amounts of data. A notable example is represented by the Sentinel-2 mission, which provides images at high spatial resolution (up to 10m) with high temporal revisit period (every 5 days), which can be organized in Satellite Image Time Series (SITS). While the use of SITS has been proved to be beneficial in the context of Land Use/Land Cover (LULC) map generation, unfortunately, machine learning approaches commonly leveraged in remote sensing field fail to take advantage of spatio-temporal dependencies present in such data. R…
A High Resolution Urban and Rural Settlement Map of Africa Using Deep Learning and Satellite Imagery
Institute for Analytical Sociology, Linköping University, Sweden（分析社会研究所，利尔贝里大学，瑞典）；Geomatics, Department of Environmental and Life Sciences, Karlstad University, Sweden（测绘学，环境与生命科学系，卡尔斯塔德大学，瑞典）；Department of Statistics, Harvard University, Massachusetts, USA（统计学系，哈佛大学，马萨诸塞州，美国）；Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Chalmers University of Technology, Gothenburg, Sweden（计算机科学与工程系，查尔姆斯理工大学，哥德堡，瑞典）；The AI and Global Development Lab (www.global-lab.ai)（人工智能与全球发展实验室）
