In recent years, several machine learning models have been proposed. They are trained with a language modelling objective on large-scale text-only data. With such pretraining, they can achieve impressive results on many Natural Language Understanding and Generation tasks. However, many facets of meaning cannot be learned by ``listening to the radio" only. In the literature, many Vision+Language (V+L) tasks have been defined with the aim of creating models that can ground symbols in the visual modality. In this work, we provide a systematic literature review of several tasks and models proposed in the V+L field. We rely on Wittgenstein's idea of `language games' to categorise such tasks into 3 different families: 1) discriminative games, 2) generative games, and 3) interactive games. Our analysis of the literature provides evidence that future work should be focusing on interactive games where communication in Natural Language is important to resolve ambiguities about object referents and action plans and that physical embodiment is essential to understand the semantics of situations and events. Overall, these represent key requirements for developing grounded meanings in neural models.
UC Santa Barbara（圣巴巴拉大学）；UC Santa Cruz（圣克鲁斯大学）；Google（谷歌公司）
A major challenge in visually grounded language generation is to build robust benchmark datasets and models that can generalize well in real-world settings. To do this, it is critical to ensure that our evaluation protocols are correct, and benchmarks are reliable. In this work, we set forth to design a set of experiments to understand an important but often ignored problem in visually grounded language generation: given that humans have different utilities and visual attention, how will the sample variance in multi-reference datasets affect the models' performance? Empirically, we study sever…
Humans acquire language continually with much more limited access to data samples at a time, as compared to contemporary NLP systems. To study this human-like language acquisition ability, we present VisCOLL, a visually grounded language learning task, which simulates the continual acquisition of compositional phrases from streaming visual scenes. In the task, models are trained on a paired image-caption stream which has shifting object distribution; while being constantly evaluated by a visually-grounded masked language prediction task on held-out test sets. VisCOLL compounds the challenges o…
This survey provides an overview of the evolution of visually grounded models of spoken language over the last 20 years. Such models are inspired by the observation that when children pick up a language, they rely on a wide range of indirect and noisy clues, crucially including signals from the visual modality co-occurring with spoken utterances. Several fields have made important contributions to this approach to modeling or mimicking the process of learning language: Machine Learning, Natural Language and Speech Processing, Computer Vision and Cognitive Science. The current paper brings toge…
VoCoT: Unleashing Visually Grounded Multi-Step Reasoning in Large Multi-Modal Models
School of Data Science, Fudan University（复旦大学数据科学学院）；ByteDance（字节跳动）；School of Computer Science, Fudan University（复旦大学计算机科学学院）；Research Institute of Intelligent and Complex Systems, Fudan University（复旦大学智能与复杂系统研究院）；Shanghai Innovation Institute（上海创新研究院）
Children acquire language subconsciously by observing the surrounding world and listening to descriptions. They can discover the meaning of words even without explicit language knowledge, and generalize to novel compositions effortlessly. In this paper, we bring this ability to AI, by studying the task of Visually grounded Language Acquisition (VLA). We propose a multimodal transformer model augmented with a novel mechanism for analogical reasoning, which approximates novel compositions by learning semantic mapping and reasoning operations from previously seen compositions. Our proposed method…
VDialogUE: A Unified Evaluation Benchmark for Visually-grounded Dialogue
Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences（中国科学院深圳先进技术研究院）；University of Chinese Academy of Sciences（中国科学院大学）；DAMO Academy, Alibaba Group（阿里巴巴集团达摩院）；University of Science and Technology of China（中国科学技术大学）
This paper presents an augmentation of MSCOCO dataset where speech is added to image and text. Speech captions are generated using text-to-speech (TTS) synthesis resulting in 616,767 spoken captions (more than 600h) paired with images. Disfluencies and speed perturbation are added to the signal in order to sound more natural. Each speech signal (WAV) is paired with a JSON file containing exact timecode for each word/syllable/phoneme in the spoken caption. Such a corpus could be used for Language and Vision (LaVi) tasks including speech input or output instead of text. Investigating multimodal …
University of Cambridge（剑桥大学）；University of Copenhagen（哥本哈根大学）；Mila – Quebec Artificial Intelligence Institute（米拉-魁北克人工智能研究所）；McGill University（麦吉尔大学）
The design of widespread vision-and-language datasets and pre-trained encoders directly adopts, or draws inspiration from, the concepts and images of ImageNet. While one can hardly overestimate how much this benchmark contributed to progress in computer vision, it is mostly derived from lexical databases and image queries in English, resulting in source material with a North American or Western European bias. Therefore, we devise a new protocol to construct an ImageNet-style hierarchy representative of more languages and cultures. In particular, we let the selection of both concepts and images…
CoDraw: Collaborative Drawing as a Testbed for Grounded Goal-driven Communication
SK T-Brain；University of California, Berkeley（加州大学伯克利分校）；Facebook AI Research（脸书人工智能研究院）；Seoul National University（首尔国立大学）；Georgia Institute of Technology（佐治亚理工学院）
The University of Tokyo（东京大学）；Japan National Institute of Informatics（日本国家信息学研究所）；NII（信息学研究所（NII））
Recent models achieve promising results in visually grounded dialogues. However, existing datasets often contain undesirable biases and lack sophisticated linguistic analyses, which make it difficult to understand how well current models recognize their precise linguistic structures. To address this problem, we make two design choices: first, we focus on OneCommon Corpus \citep{udagawa2019natural,udagawa2020annotated}, a simple yet challenging common grounding dataset which contains minimal bias by design. Second, we analyze their linguistic structures based on \textit{spatial expressions} and…
Delft University of Technology（代尔夫特理工大学）；Radboud University（拉德堡德大学）
We investigated word recognition in a Visually Grounded Speech model. The model has been trained on pairs of images and spoken captions to create visually grounded embeddings which can be used for speech to image retrieval and vice versa. We investigate whether such a model can be used to recognise words by embedding isolated words and using them to retrieve images of their visual referents. We investigate the time-course of word recognition using a gating paradigm and perform a statistical analysis to see whether well known word competition effects in human speech processing influence word re…
Tel-Aviv University（特拉维夫大学）；University of California Irvine（加州大学欧文分校）；Allen Institute for AI（艾伦人工智能研究所）
While interest in models that generalize at test time to new compositions has risen in recent years, benchmarks in the visually-grounded domain have thus far been restricted to synthetic images. In this work, we propose COVR, a new test-bed for visually-grounded compositional generalization with real images. To create COVR, we use real images annotated with scene graphs, and propose an almost fully automatic procedure for generating question-answer pairs along with a set of context images. COVR focuses on questions that require complex reasoning, including higher-order operations such as quant…
Tilburg University（蒂尔堡大学）；Laboratoire de Sciences Cognitives et Psycholinguistique, ENS（巴黎高等师范学院认知科学与心理语言学实验室）；Tampere University（坦佩雷大学）；Aalto University（阿尔托大学）；University of Texas at Austin（德克萨斯大学奥斯汀分校）
We present the visually-grounded language modelling track that was introduced in the Zero-Resource Speech challenge, 2021 edition, 2nd round. We motivate the new track and discuss participation rules in detail. We also present the two baseline systems that were developed for this track.
Language grounding aims at linking the symbolic representation of language (e.g., words) into the rich perceptual knowledge of the outside world. The general approach is to embed both textual and visual information into a common space -the grounded space-confined by an explicit relationship between both modalities. We argue that this approach sacrifices the abstract knowledge obtained from linguistic co-occurrence statistics in the process of acquiring perceptual information. The focus of this paper is to solve this issue by implicitly grounding the word embeddings. Rather than learning two ma…
Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology（韩国科学技术院）
The objective of this work is to explore the learning of visually grounded speech models (VGS) from multilingual perspective. Bilingual VGS models are generally trained with an equal number of spoken captions from both languages. However, in reality, there can be an imbalance among the languages for the available spoken captions. Our key contribution in this work is to leverage the power of a high-resource language in a bilingual visually grounded speech model to improve the performance of a low-resource language. We introduce two methods to distill the knowledge of high-resource language into…
University of Edinburgh（爱丁堡大学）；University of Amsterdam（阿姆斯特丹大学）
Exploiting visual groundings for language understanding has recently been drawing much attention. In this work, we study visually grounded grammar induction and learn a constituency parser from both unlabeled text and its visual groundings. Existing work on this task (Shi et al., 2019) optimizes a parser via Reinforce and derives the learning signal only from the alignment of images and sentences. While their model is relatively accurate overall, its error distribution is very uneven, with low performance on certain constituents types (e.g., 26.2% recall on verb phrases, VPs) and high on other…
Tilburg University（蒂尔堡大学）；University of Copenhagen（哥本哈根大学）
Visually-grounded models of spoken language understanding extract semantic information directly from speech, without relying on transcriptions. This is useful for low-resource languages, where transcriptions can be expensive or impossible to obtain. Recent work showed that these models can be improved if transcriptions are available at training time. However, it is not clear how an end-to-end approach compares to a traditional pipeline-based approach when one has access to transcriptions. Comparing different strategies, we find that the pipeline approach works better when enough text is availa…
Radboud University（拉德堡德大学）；Delft University of Technology（代尔夫特理工大学）
Background: Computational models of speech recognition often assume that the set of target words is already given. This implies that these models do not learn to recognise speech from scratch without prior knowledge and explicit supervision. Visually grounded speech models learn to recognise speech without prior knowledge by exploiting statistical dependencies between spoken and visual input. While it has previously been shown that visually grounded speech models learn to recognise the presence of words in the input, we explicitly investigate such a model as a model of human speech recognition…
Indian Institute of Technology Madras（印度理工学院马德拉斯分校）
Recent studies have shown that current VQA models are heavily biased on the language priors in the train set to answer the question, irrespective of the image. E.g., overwhelmingly answer "what sport is" as "tennis" or "what color banana" as "yellow." This behavior restricts them from real-world application scenarios. In this work, we propose a novel model-agnostic question encoder, Visually-Grounded Question Encoder (VGQE), for VQA that reduces this effect. VGQE utilizes both visual and language modalities equally while encoding the question. Hence the question representation itself gets suff…
This study investigates the use of Visually Grounded Speech (VGS) models for keyword localisation in speech. The study focusses on two main research questions: (1) Is keyword localisation possible with VGS models and (2) Can keyword localisation be done cross-lingually in a real low-resource setting? Four methods for localisation are proposed and evaluated on an English dataset, with the best-performing method achieving an accuracy of 57%. A new dataset containing spoken captions in Yoruba language is also collected and released for cross-lingual keyword localisation. The cross-lingual model o…
