In this work, we utilize thin dielectric meta-atoms placed on a silver substrate to efficiently enhance and manipulate the third harmonic generation. We theoretically and experimentally reveal that when the structural symmetry of the meta-atom is incompatible with the lattice symmetry of an array, some generalized nonlinear geometric phases appear, which offers new possibilities for harmonic generation control beyond the accessible symmetries governed by the selection rule. The underlying mechanism is attributed to the modified rotation of the effective principal axis of a dense meta-atom array, where the strong coupling among the units gives rise to a generalized linear geometric phase modulation on the pump light. Therefore, nonlinear geometric phases carried by the third-harmonic emissions are the natural result of the wave-mixing process among the modes excited at the fundamental frequency. This mechanism further points out a new strategy to predict the nonlinear geometric phases delivered by the nanostructures according to their linear responses. Our design is simple and efficient, and offers alternatives for the nonlinear meta-devices that are capable of flexible photon generation and manipulation.
Freed from phase-matching constraints, plasmonic metasurfaces have contributed significantly to the control of the optical nonlinearity and enhancing the nonlinear generation efficiency by engineering subwavelength meta-atoms. However, the high dissipative losses and the inevitable thermal heating limit their applicability in nonlinear nanophotonics. All-dielectric metasurfaces, supporting both electric and magnetic Mie-type resonances in their nanostructures, have appeared as a promising alternative to nonlinear plasmonics. High-index dielectric nanostructures, allowing additional magnetic re…
We harness non-volatile, amorphous-crystalline transitions in the chalcogenide phase-change medium germanium antimony telluride (GST) to realize optically-switchable, all-dielectric metamaterials. Nanostructured, subwavelength-thickness films of GST present high-quality resonances that are spectrally shifted by laser-induced structural transitions, providing reflectivity and transmission switching contrast ratios of up to 5:1 (7 dB) at visible/near-infrared wavelengths selected by design.
We introduce a practical dielectric metasurface design for microwave frequencies. The metasurface is made of an array of dielectric resonators held together by dielectric connections thus avoiding the need of a mechanical support in the form of a dielectric slab and the spurious multiple reflections that such a slab would generate. The proposed design can be used either for broadband metasurface applications or monochromatic wave transformations. The capabilities of the concept to manipulate the transmission phase and amplitude of the metasurface are supported by numerical and experimental res…
A hybrid plasmonic-dielectric metasurface is proposed in order to manipulate beam propagation in desired manners. The metasurface is composed of patterned hybrid graphene-silicon nano-disks deposited on a low-index substrate, namely silica. It is shown that the proposed hybrid metasurface simultaneously benefits from the advantages of graphene-based metasurfaces and dielectric ones. Specially, we show that the proposed hybrid metasurface not only provides reconfigurability, just like previously proposed graphene-based metasurfaces, but also similar to dielectric metasurfaces it is low loss and…
We report the realization of spin-dependent splitting with arbitrary intensity patterns based on all-dielectric metasurface. Compared to the plasmonic metasurfaces, the all-dielectric metasurface exhibit more high transmission efficiency and conversion efficiency, which make it is possible to achieve the spin-dependent splitting with arbitrary intensity patterns. Our findings suggest a way for generation and manipulation of spin photons, and thereby offer the possibility of developing spin-based nanophotonic applications.
We theoretically demonstrate mechanical tuning of the spectral response of a Mie-like resonant dielectric metasurface consisting of crossed all-dielectric strip gratings. We use two array of parallel dielectric strips superimposed on each other to mechanically alter the crossing angle between them thereby changing the position of the maximum of the spectral response in a wide frequency range. The metasurface structure is considered as a doubly-periodic system in an oblique mesh. This mechanically controllable metasurface can be perspective in developing of a flexible polarization-sensitive opt…
Metasurfaces are two-dimensional optical structures enabling complete control of the amplitude, phase, and polarization of light. Unlike plasmonic metasurfaces, planar silicon structures facilitate high transmission, low losses and compatibility with existing semiconductor technologies. Here, we report an experimental demonstration of high-efficiency polarization- sensitive dielectric metasurfaces with full 2pi phase control in transmission mode at telecommunication wavelengths. Such silicon metasurfaces are poised to enable a versatile optical platform the realization of all-optical circuitry…
We present an initial study of the angular spectrum of a bianisotropic refractive metasurface at an interface between two dielectric media. In this study, we report on the existence of three distinct angular regions: a)~a rotated transmission cone, b)~a modified total internal reflection region, and c)~a new total retro-reflection region.
Subwavelength-thin metasurfaces have shown great promises for the control of optical wavefronts, thus opening new pathways for the development of efficient flat optics. In particular, Huygens' metasurfaces based on all-dielectric resonant meta-atoms have already shown a huge potential for practical applications with their polarization insensitivity and high transmittance efficiency. Here, we experimentally demonstrate a polarization insensitive holographic Huygens' metasurface based on dielectric resonant meta-atoms capable of complex wavefront control at telecom wavelengths. Our metasurface p…
We demonstrate how to create all-dielectric metasurfaces with a strong toroidal response by arranging two types of nanodisks into asymmetric quadrumer clusters. We demonstrate that a strong axial toroidal response of the metasurface is related to conditions of the trapped (dark) mode that is excited due the symmetry breaking in the cluster. We study the correlation between the toroidal response and asymmetry in the metasurface and nanocluster geometries, which appears from the different diameters of nanodisks or notches introduced into the nanodisks.
Subwavelength dielectric resonators assembled into metasurfaces have become a versatile tool for miniaturising optical components approaching the nanoscale. An important class of metasurface functionalities is associated with asymmetry in both generation and transmission of light with respect to reversals of the positions of emitters and receivers. Nonlinear light-matter interaction in metasurfaces offers a promising pathway towards miniaturisation of the asymmetric control of light. Here we demonstrate asymmetric parametric generation of light in nonlinear metasurfaces. We assemble dissimilar…
Metasurfaces are planar optical elements that hold promise for overcoming the limitations of refractive and conventional diffractive optics1-3. Dielectric metasurfaces demonstrated thus far4-10 are limited to transparency windows at infrared wavelengths because of significant optical absorption and loss at visible wavelengths. It is critical that new materials and fabrication techniques be developed for dielectric metasurfaces at visible wavelengths to enable applications such as three-dimensional displays, wearable optics and planar optical systems11. Here, we demonstrate high performance tit…
Artificial metasurfaces are capable of completely manipulating the phase, amplitude, and polarization of light with high spatial resolutions. The emerging design based on high-index and low-loss dielectrics has led to the realization of novel metasurfaces with high transmissions, but these devices usually operate at the limited bandwidth, and are sensitive to the incident polarization. Here, for the first time we report experimentally the polarization-independent and high-efficiency dielectric metasurfaces spanning the visible wavelengths about 200 nm, which are of importance for novel flat op…
We demonstrate the active tuning of all-dielectric metasurfaces exhibiting high-quality factor (high-Q) resonances. The active control is provided by embedding the asymmetric silicon meta-atoms with liquid crystals, which allows the relative index of refraction to be controlled through heating. It is found that high quality factor resonances ($Q=270\pm30$) can be tuned over more than three resonance widths. Our results demonstrate the feasibility of using all-dielectric metasurfaces to construct tunable narrow-band filters.
A single-order transmission diffraction grating based on dispersion engineered all-dielectric metasurfaces is proposed and its wavelength discriminating properties have been theoretically described and confirmed using numerical simulations. The metasurface is designed using a 2D array of all-dielectric resonators, which emulates a Huygens source configuration to achieve a perfect match to free-space in broad bandwidth. Using a holey dielectric nanodisk structure as the unit cell, the resonant wavelength is tapered across the metasurface to engineer the wavelength dependent spatial phase gradie…
Nonlinear Self-Action across Temporal Regimes in Resonant Dielectric Metasurfaces
Politecnico di Milano（米兰理工大学）；Institute of Photonic and Nanotechnology (IFN) - Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR)（光子与纳米技术研究所（IFN）- 意大利国家研究委员会（CNR））；Institute of Photonics and Quantum Sciences, Heriot-Watt University（赫瑞-瓦特大学光子与量子科学研究所）；ICFO - Institut de Ciències Fotòniques, the Barcelona Institute of Science and Technology（ICFO - 巴塞罗那科学和技术理工学院光子科学研究所）；Università degli Studi di Brescia（布雷西亚大学）
Dielectric metasurfaces with spatially varying birefringence and high transmission efficiency can exhibit exceptional abilities for controlling the photonic spin states. We present here some of our works on spin photonics and spin-photonic devices with metasurfaces. We develop a hybrid-order Poincare sphere to describe the evolution of spin states of wave propagation in the metasurface. Both the Berry curvature and the Pancharatnam-Berry phase on the hybrid-order Poincare sphere are demonstrated to be proportional to the variation of total angular momentum. Based on the spin-dependent property…
Metasurfaces providing resonances arising from quasi-bound states in the continuum have been proposed as sensors in the THz band due to the existence of strong resonances characterized by high quality factors. Controlling geometrical parameters, the quality factor can be adjusted and, theoretically, designed at will. However, losses in materials critically bound the metasurface performance and limit the quality factor of the resonances. For this reason, all-dielectric metasurfaces have been proposed as an alternative to metal-dielectric structures to reduce losses and achieve extreme functiona…
We demonstrate that spectrally diverse multiple magnetic dipole resonances can be excited in all-dielectric structures lacking rotational symmetry, in contrast to conventionally used spheres, disks or spheroids. Such multiple magnetic resonances arise from hybrid Mie-Fabry-Pérot modes, and can constructively interfere with induced electric dipole moments, thereby leading to novel multi-frequency unidirectional scattering. Here we focus on elongated dielectric nanobars, whose magnetic resonances can be spectrally tuned by their aspect ratios. Based on our theoretical results, we suggest all-die…
In this paper we describe a methodology for tailoring the design of metamaterial dielectric resonators, which represent a promising path toward low-loss metamaterials at optical frequencies. We first describe a procedure to decompose the far field scattered by subwavelength resonators in terms of multipolar field components, providing explicit expressions for the multipolar far fields. We apply this formulation to confirm that an isolated high-permittivity cube resonator possesses frequency separated electric and magnetic dipole resonances, as well as a magnetic quadrupole resonance in close p…
As two-dimensional metamaterials, metasurfaces open up new avenues for designing static planar optics. However, the dynamic modulation of metasurfaces in the optical band is required for practical applications. The existing dynamic devices rarely utilized the polarization manipulation capability of metasurfaces. Here, we demonstrate an electrically tunable multifunctional metasurface in the visible range by integrating birefringent liquid crystals (LCs) with all-dielectric metasurfaces based on a novel packaging scheme. By combining the helicity-dependent geometric phase of the metasurface and…
Nonlinear Pancharatnam-Berry phase metasurfaces facilitate the nontrivial phase modulation for frequency conversion processes by leveraging photon-spin dependent nonlinear geometric-phases. However, plasmonic metasurfaces show some severe limitation for nonlinear frequency conversion due to the intrinsic high ohmic loss and low damage threshold of plasmonic nanostructures. Here, we systematically study the nonlinear geometric-phases associated with the third-harmonic generation process occurring in all-dielectric metasurfaces, which are composed of silicon nanofins with different in-plane rota…
Metasurfaces control optical wavefronts via arrays of nanoscale resonators laid out across a surface. When combined with III-V semiconductors with strong optical nonlinearities, a variety of nonlinear effects such as harmonic generation and all optical modulation can be enabled and enhanced at the nanoscale. This review presents our research on engineering and boosting nonlinear effects in ultrafast and nonlinear semiconductor metasurfaces fabricated at the Center for Integrated Nanotechnologies (CINT). We cover our recent works on parametric generation of harmonic light via direct and cascade…
With the rapid advances of functional dielectric metasurfaces and their integration on on-chip nanophotonic devices, the necessity of metasurfaces working in different environments, especially in biological applications, arose. However, the metasurfaces' performance is tied to the unit cell's efficiency and ultimately the surrounding environment it was designed for, thus reducing its applicability if exposed to altering refractive index media. Here, we report a method to increase a metasurface's versatility by covering the high-index metasurface with a low index porous SiO$_2$ film, protecting…
We reveal peculiarities of the trapped (dark) mode excitation in a polarization-insensitive all-dielectric metasurface, whose unit super-cell is constructed by particularly arranging four cylindrical dielectric particles. Involving group-theoretical description we discuss in detail the effect of different orientations of particles within the super-cell on characteristics of the trapped mode. The theoretical predictions are confirmed by numerical simulations and experimental investigations. Since the metasurface is realized from simple dielectric particles without the use of any metallic compon…
We demonstrate a novel and simple approach to cloaking a scatterer on a ground plane. We use an extremely thin dielectric metasurface (λ/12) to reshape the wavefronts distorted by a scatterer in order to mimic the reflection pattern of a flat ground plane. To achieve such carpet cloaking, the reflection angle has to be equal to the incident angle everywhere on the scatterer. We use a graded metasurface and calculate the required phase gradient to achieve cloaking. Our metasurface locally provides additional phase to the wavefronts to compensate for the phase difference amongst light paths indu…
The optical anapole resonances in nanostructures display strong field confinement and substantially suppressed scattering. In this study using three-dimensional finite-difference time-domain simulations, it is shown that high refractive index dielectric nanohole array metasurfaces having different profiles of the holes can possess the anapole state. The multipole decomposition including the dipole electric toroidal moment for the lattice elements of the arrays is provided. The anapole state in the lattice elements is illustrated by time-averaged distributions of the energy. As a result, high-i…
Dielectric metasurfaces perform unique photonics effects and serve as the engine of nowadays light-matter technologies. Here, we suggest theoretically and demonstrate experimentally the realization of a high transparency effect in a novel type of all-dielectric metasurface, where each constituting meta-atom of the lattice presents the so-called transverse Kerker effect. In contrast to Huygens' metasurfaces, both phase and amplitude of the incoming wave remain unperturbed at the resonant frequency and, consequently, our metasurface totally operates in the invisibility regime. We prove experimen…
We present a hybrid graphene dielectric metasurface design to achieve strong tunable and modulated transmission at near-infrared (near-IR) frequencies. The proposed device is constituted by periodic pairs of asymmetric silicon nanobars placed over a silica substrate. An one-atom-thick graphene sheet is positioned between the nanobars and the substrate. The in-plane electromagnetic fields are highly localized and enhanced with this all-dielectric metasurface due to its zero Ohmic losses at near-IR wavelengths. They strongly interact with graphene and couple to its properties. Sharp Fano transmi…
Metasurfaces possess the outstanding ability to tailor phase, amplitude and even spectral responses of light with an unprecedented ultrahigh resolution, thus have attracted significant interests. Here, we propose and experimentally demonstrate a novel meta-device that integrates color printing and computer-generated holograms within a single-layer dielectric metasurface by modulating spectral and spatial responses at subwavelength scale, simultaneously. In our design, such metasurface appears as a microscopic color image under white light illumination, while encrypting two different holographi…
Resonant metasurfaces have received extensive attention due to their sharp spectral feature and extraordinary field enhancement. In this work, by breaking the in-plane symmetry of silicon nanopillars, we achieve a sharp Fano resonance. The far-field radiation and near-field distribution of metasurfaces are calculated and analyzed to further uncover the resonant performance of metasurfaces. Moreover, the theoretical derivation and simulation exhibit an inverse quadratic dependence of Q-factors on asymmetry parameters, revealing that the resonance is governed by the symmetry-protected bound stat…
A generalized spatial Talbot effect is proposed where the period of the input aperture is scaled by a non-integer real value, as opposed to the integer-only factor in a conventional Talbot effect. This is achieved by allowing and engineering the phase discontinuity distributions in space using metasurfaces, in conjunction with free-space propagation. The introduction of such abrupt phase discontinuities thereby enables non-integer scalings of the aperture periodicities. Specific implementations using Huygens' metasurfaces are proposed and their operation to achieve non-integer scaling of the i…
This paper presents an end-to-end design method for the synthesis of dielectric metasurfaces with modulated thickness that are able to realize desired radiation patterns in the far-field with high precision. The method relies on integral equations and the Method of Moments to calculate the induced surface and volumetric current densities throughout the metasurface upon a given incident illumination. By avoiding homogenization of the dielectric layer and calculating directly the scattered fields through the Method of Moments, the near-field and far-field response of the metasurface can be accur…
During the past few years, metasurfaces have been used to demonstrate optical elements and systems with capabilities that surpass those of conventional diffractive optics. Here we review some of these recent developments with a focus on dielectric structures for shaping optical wavefronts. We discuss the mechanisms for achieving steep phase gradients with high efficiency, simultaneous polarization and phase control, controlling the chromatic dispersion, and controlling the angular response. Then we review applications in imaging, conformal optics, tunable devices, and optical systems. We concl…
Tunable optical devices, in particular, varifocal lenses, have important applications in various fields, including imaging and adaptive vision. Recent advances in metasurfaces, which control the wavefront of light using subwavelength-spaced nanostructures, open up new opportunities to replace bulk optical devices, with thin, flat, lightweight devices. We have demonstrated for the first time an electrically tunable flat lens, based on large area metasurfaces combined with a dielectric elastomer actuator having inline transparent electrodes, that is capable of simultaneously performing focal len…
Dielectric metasurfaces are two-dimensional structures composed of nano-scatterers that manipulate phase and polarization of optical waves with subwavelength spatial resolution, enabling ultra-thin components for free-space optics. While high performance devices with various functionalities, including some that are difficult to achieve using conventional optical setups have been shown, most demonstrated components have a fixed functionality. Here we demonstrate highly tunable metasurface devices based on subwavelength thick silicon nano-posts encapsulated in a thin transparent elastic polymer.…
Optical metasurfaces have developed as a breakthrough concept for advanced wave-front engineering enabled by subwavelength resonant nanostructures. However, reflection and/or absorption losses as well as low polarisation-conversion efficiencies pose a fundamental obstacle for achieving high transmission efficiencies that are required for practical applications. Here we demonstrate, for the first time to our knowledge, highly efficient all-dielectric metasurfaces for near-infrared frequencies using arrays of silicon nanodisks as meta-atoms. We employ the main features of Huygens' sources, namel…
Metasurfaces are planar structures that locally modify the polarization, phase, and amplitude of light in reflection or transmission, thus enabling lithographically patterned flat optical components with functionalities controlled by design. Transmissive metasurfaces are especially important, as most optical systems used in practice operate in transmission. Several types of transmissive metasurfaces have been realized, but with either low transmission efficiencies or limited control over polarization and phase. Here we show a metasurface platform based on high-contrast dielectric elliptical na…
Metasurfaces have attracted a great deal of attention from researchers due to their prominent optical properties. In particular, metasurfaces may consist of structures possessing optical anapole resonances with strong field confinement and substantially suppressed scattering. As a result, such nanostructures display enhanced nonlinear optical properties. In this paper by means of three-dimensional finite-difference time-domain simulations, the ability of anapole modes in high-index dielectric metasurfaces with circular nanopores is shown. In the vicinity of the anapole state, the effective opt…
We designed and simulated freestanding dielectric optical metasurfaces based on arrays of etched nanoholes in a silicon membrane. We showed $2π$ phase control and high forward transmission at mid-infrared wavelengths by tuning the dimensions of the holes. We also identified the mechanisms responsible for high forward scattering efficiency and showed that these conditions are connected with the well-known Kerker conditions already proposed for isolated scatterers. A beam deflector was designed and optimized through sequential particle swarm and gradient descent optimization to maximize transmis…
We present and study theoretically a new design approach for obtaining wide angle, highly efficient, all-dielectric metasurfaces. As a concrete example we focus on optimizing flat beam deflector for both the infra-red and visible spectral regions. Transmission efficiencies of up to 87.2% are obtained theoretically for deflection angle of 65° in visible (580nm) spectrum and up to 82% for deflection angle of 30.5° at telecom wavelength (1550nm). The enhanced efficiencies at wide deflection angles are obtained by genetic optimization of the nano-structures comprising the metasurface. Compared to …
Metasurfaces are nano-structured devices composed of arrays of subwavelength scatterers (or meta-atoms) that manipulate the wavefront, polarization, or intensity of light. Like other diffractive optical devices, metasurfaces suffer from significant chromatic aberrations that limit their bandwidth. Here, we present a method for designing multiwavelength metasurfaces using unit cells with multiple meta-atoms, or meta-molecules. Transmissive lenses with efficiencies as high as 72% and numerical apertures as high as 0.46 simultaneously operating at 915 nm and 1550 nm are demonstrated. With proper …
Physical geometry and optical properties of objects are correlated: cylinders focus light to a line, spheres to a point, and arbitrarily shaped objects introduce optical aberrations. Multi-functional components with decoupled geometrical form and optical function are needed when specific optical functionalities must be provided while the shapes are dictated by other considerations like ergonomics, aerodynamics, or esthetics. Here we demonstrate an approach for decoupling optical properties of objects from their physical shape using thin and flexible dielectric metasurfaces which conform to obj…
Metasurfaces are optically thin metamaterials that promise complete control of the wavefront of light but are primarily used to control only the phase of light. Here, we present an approach, simple in concept and in practice, that uses meta-atoms with a varying degree of form birefringence and rotation angles to create high-efficiency dielectric metasurfaces that control both the optical amplitude and phase at one or two frequencies. This opens up applications in computer-generated holography, allowing faithful reproduction of both the phase and amplitude of a target holographic scene without …
Metasurfaces have attracted extensive interests due to their ability to locally manipulate optical parameters of light and easy integration to complex optical systems. Particularly, metasurfaces can provide a novel platform for splitting and diffracting light into several beams with desired profile, which is in contrast to traditional gratings. Here, we propose and experimentally demonstrate a novel method for generating independently selective diffraction orders. Our method is based on complex amplitude modulation with ultrathin dielectric metasurfaces. By tailoring the geometric parameters o…
Metasurfaces are planar structures that can manipulate the amplitude, phase and polarization (APP) of light at subwavelength scale. Although various functionalities have been proposed based on metasurface, a most general optical control, i.e., independent complex-amplitude (amplitude and phase) control of arbitrary two orthogonal states of polarizations, has not yet been realized. Such level of optical control can not only cover the various functionalities realized previously, but also enable new functionalities that are not feasible before. Here, we propose a single-layer dielectric metasurfa…
Nonlinear metasurfaces incorporate many of the functionalities of their linear counterparts such as wavefront shaping but simultaneously they perform nonlinear optical transformations. This dual functionality leads to a rather unintuitive physical behavior which is still widely unexplored for many photonic applications. The nonlinear processes render some basic principles governing the functionality of linear metasurfaces not directly applicable, such as the superposition principle and the geometric optics approximation. On the other hand, nonlinear metasurfaces facilitate new phenomena that a…
Manipulating the polarization of light is highly desired for versatile applications ranging from super resolution, optical trapping, to particle acceleration. The enormous freedom in metasurface design motivates the implementation of polarization control in ultrathin and compact optical systems. However, the majority of proposed strategies based on metasurfaces have been demonstrated only a spatially homogeneous polarization generation, while less attention has been devoted to spatially variant inhomogeneous vector beams. Here, we demonstrate a novel method for generating arbitrary radial and …
Image processing and edge detection are at the core of several newly emerging technologies, such as augmented reality, autonomous driving and more generally object recognition. Image processing is typically performed digitally using integrated electronic circuits and algorithms, implying fundamental size and speed limitations, as well as significant power needs. On the other hand, it can also be performed in a low-power analog fashion using Fourier optics, requiring however bulky optical components. Here, we introduce dielectric metasurfaces that perform optical image edge detection in the ana…
Effective refractive index of disordered all-dielectric metasurfaces consisting of gallium phosphide (GaP) spheres is studied by means of three-dimensional finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) simulations at the wavelength of 532~nm. It is shown that a mixture of the high index nanoparticles with sizes close to the first magnetic and electric resonances randomly dispersed on metasurface may possess negative refraction. The dependence of the metasurface effective refractive index on the nanoparticle concentration and size is constructed. The feasibility of negative refraction at large concentra…
Metasurfaces have the ability to control classical and non-classical states of light to achieve controlled emission even at the level of single emitter. Here, we unveil the Kerker condition induced emission rate enhancement with strong directivity from a single emitter integrated within a dielectric metasurface consists of silicon nano-disks. The simulation and analytical calculations attest the Kerker condition with unidirectional light scattering evolved by the constructive interference between electric dipole, toroidal dipole, and the magnetic quadrupole. The results evince spatially-depend…
Enhancement of Circular Dichroism in Chiral Dielectric Metasurfaces by Ion Beam Irradiation
Friedrich-Schiller-University Jena（耶拿弗里德里希·席勒大学）；Abbe Center of Photonics（阿贝光学中心）；ARC Centre of Excellence for Transformative Meta-Optical Systems (TMOS)（变革性超光学系统卓越研究中心）；Department of Electronic Materials Engineering, Research School of Physics Australian National University（澳大利亚国立大学物理研究学院电子材料工程系）；Max Planck School of Photonics（马普光子学高等研究院）
