Inequality prevails in science. Individual inequality means that most perish quickly and only a few are successful, while gender inequality implies that there are differences in achievements for women and men. Using large-scale bibliographic data and following a computational approach, we study the evolution of individual and gender inequality for cohorts from 1970 to 2000 in the whole field of computer science as it grows and becomes a team-based science. We find that individual inequality in productivity (publications) increases over a scholar's career but is historically invariant, while individual inequality in impact (citations), albeit larger, is stable across cohorts and careers. Gender inequality prevails regarding productivity, but there is no evidence for differences in impact. The Matthew Effect is shown to accumulate advantages to early achievements and to become stronger over the decades, indicating the rise of a "publish or perish" imperative. Only some authors manage to reap the benefits that publishing in teams promises. The Matthew Effect then amplifies initial differences and propagates the gender gap. Women continue to fall behind because they continue to be at a higher risk of dropping out for reasons that have nothing to do with early-career achievements or social support. Our findings suggest that mentoring programs for women to improve their social-networking skills can help to reduce gender inequality.
Return migration of German-affiliated researchers: Analyzing departure and return by gender, cohort, and discipline using Scopus bibliometric data 1996-2020
Max Planck Institute for Demographic Research（马克斯·普朗克人口研究所）；Leverhulme Centre for Demographic Science, Department of Sociology, University of Oxford（牛津大学社会学院莱弗休姆人口研究中心）；Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering, University of Toronto（多伦多大学机械与工业工程系）；Department of Sociology, University of British Columbia（英属哥伦比亚大学社会学系）
Men Are Elected, Women Are Married: Events Gender Bias on Wikipedia
University of Southern California（南加利福尼亚大学）；Information Sciences Institute, University of Southern California（南加利福尼亚大学信息科学研究所）；University of California, Los Angeles（加利福尼亚大学洛杉矶分校）
Systemic Gendered Citation Imbalance in Computer Science: Evidence from Conferences and Journals
Tokyo Metropolitan University（东京都立大学）；The University of Osaka（大阪大学）；Nara Institute of Science and Technology（奈良先端科学技术大学院大学）；Eindhoven University of Technology（埃因霍温理工大学）
Sociodemographic inequalities in student achievement: An intersectional multilevel analysis of individual heterogeneity and discriminatory accuracy (MAIHDA) with application to students in London, England
