Exploring chemical enrichment of the intracluster medium with the Line Emission Mapper
François Mernier, Yuanyuan Su, Maxim Markevitch, Congyao Zhang, Aurora Simionescu, Elena Rasia, Sheng-Chieh Lin, Irina Zhuravleva, Arnab Sarkar, Ralph P. Kraft,… 展开作者
François Mernier, Yuanyuan Su, Maxim Markevitch, Congyao Zhang, Aurora Simionescu, Elena Rasia, Sheng-Chieh Lin, Irina Zhuravleva, Arnab Sarkar, Ralph P. Kraft, Anna Ogorzalek, Mohammadreza Ayromlou, William R. Forman, Christine Jones, Joel N. Bregman, Stefano Ettori, Klaus Dolag, Veronica Biffi, Eugene Churazov, Ming Sun, John ZuHone, Ákos Bogdán, Ildar I. Khabibullin, Norbert Werner, Nhut Truong, Priyanka Chakraborty, Stephen A. Walker, Mark Vogelsberger, Annalisa Pillepich, Mohammad S. Mirakhor
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19 pages. White paper for a mission concept to be submitted for the 2023 NASA Astrophysics Probes opportunity
Synthesized in the cores of stars and supernovae, most metals disperse over cosmic scales and are ultimately deposited well outside the gravitational potential of their host galaxies. Since their presence is well visible through their X-ray emission lines in the hot gas pervading galaxy clusters, measuring metal abundances in the intracluster medium (ICM) offers us a unique view of chemical enrichment of the Universe as a whole. Despite extraordinary progress in the field thanks to four decades of X-ray spectroscopy using CCD (and gratings) instruments, understanding the precise stellar origins of the bulk of metals, and when the latter were mixed on Mpc scales, requires an X-ray mission capable of spatial, non-dispersive high resolution spectroscopy covering at least the soft X-ray band over a large field of view. In this White Paper, we demonstrate how the Line Emission Mapper (LEM) probe mission concept will revolutionize our current picture of the ICM enrichment. Specifically, we show that LEM will be able to (i) spatially map the distribution of ten key chemical elements out to the virial radius of a nearby relaxed cluster and (ii) measure metal abundances in serendipitously discovered high-redshift protoclusters. Altogether, these key observables will allow us to constrain the chemical history of the largest gravitationally bound structures of the Universe. They will also solve key questions such as the universality of the initial mass function (IMF) and the initial metallicity of the stellar populations producing these metals, as well as the relative contribution of asymptotic giant branch (AGB) stars, core-collapse, and Type Ia supernovae to enrich the cosmic web over Mpc scales. Concrete observing strategies are also briefly discussed.
Milky Way Mapper decoded abundances -- I. Shared disc enrichment patterns
Australian National University（澳大利亚国立大学）；Columbia University（哥伦比亚大学）；University of Colorado（科罗拉多大学）；University of Utah（犹他大学）；Vanderbilt University（范德堡大学）；Flatiron Institute（平顿研究所）；Monash University（莫纳什大学）；The Ohio State University（俄亥俄州立大学）；New York University（纽约大学）
The intracluster medium (ICM) is a reservoir of heavy elements synthesized by different supernovae (SNe) types over cosmic history. Different enrichment mechanisms contribute a different relative metal production, predominantly caused by different SNe Type dominance. Using spatially resolved X-ray spectroscopy, one can probe the contribution of each metal enrichment mechanism. However, a large variety of physically feasible supernova explosion models make the analysis of the ICM enrichment history more uncertain. This paper presents a non-parametric PDF analysis to rank different theoretical S…
Milky Way Mapper decoded abundances -- II: From patterns to paths
Research School of Astronomy and Astrophysics, Australian National University（澳大利亚国立大学天文与天体物理研究学院）；Department of Astronomy, Columbia University（哥伦比亚大学天文学系）；Center for Astrophysics and Space Astronomy, Department of Astrophysical and Planetary Sciences, University of Colorado（科罗拉多大学天体物理学与行星科学系天体物理学与空间天文中心）；Department of Physics & Astronomy, University of Utah（犹他大学物理与天文学系）；Department of Physics and Astronomy, Vanderbilt University（范德堡大学物理与天文学系）；Center for Computational Astrophysics, Flatiron Institute（平顿研究所计算天体物理学中心）；School of Physics and Astronomy, Monash University（莫纳什大学物理与天文学院）；Department of Astronomy, The Ohio State University（俄亥俄州立大学天文学系）；Center for Cosmology and Astroparticle Physics (CCAPP), The Ohio State University（俄亥俄州立大学宇宙学与高能粒子物理中心）
Here we present results from over 500 kiloseconds Chandra and XMM-Newton observations of the cool core of the Centaurus cluster. We investigate the spatial distributions of the O, Mg, Si, S, Ar, Ca, Cr, Mn, Fe, and Ni abundances in the intracluster medium with CCD detectors, and those of N, O, Ne, Mg, Fe, and Ni with the Reflection Grating Spectrometer (RGS). The abundances of most of the elements show a sharp drop within the central 18 arcsec, although different detectors and atomic codes give significantly different values. The abundance ratios of the above elements, including Ne/Fe with RGS…
Chemical enrichment in the Ophiuchus cluster core studied by high-resolution XRISM spectroscopy
Institute of Space and Astronautical Science, JAXA（宇宙科学研究所）；Department of Physics, Tokyo Metropolitan University（东京都立大学物理系）；Department of Astrophysics and Atmospheric Sciences, Kyoto Sangyo University（京都产业大学天体物理学与大气科学系）；Department of Physics, Hiroshima University（广岛大学物理系）；Department of Physics, Saitama University（埼玉大学物理系）
利用高分辨率XRISM光谱学研究Ophiuchus团核心的化学富集，发现其X/Fe比值与太阳一致，通过核心坍缩和Ia型超新星模型解释丰度模式，揭示Ca的不足可能由Ca-rich gap transients贡献。
As building blocks of dust, rocky planets, and even complex life, the chemical elements heavier than hydrogen (H) and helium (He) - called "metals" in astronomy - play an essential role in our Universe and its evolution. Up to Fe and Ni, these metals are known to be created by stars and stellar remnants via nuclear fusion and to be ejected into their immediate surroundings to enrich new stellar generations. A spectacular finding, however, is that these processed elements are found even outside stellar systems, in particular in the hot, X-ray atmospheres surrounding early-type galaxies and perv…
Chemical Taxonomy of $ω$~Centauri: Ten Populations Reveal a Multi-Phase Enrichment History
Institute of Graduate Studies in Science, Istanbul University（伊斯坦布尔大学研究生科学院）；Faculty of Science, Department of Astronomy and Space Sciences, Istanbul University（伊斯坦布尔大学理学院天文与空间科学系）；Department of Space Sciences and Technologies, Faculty of Science, Akdeniz University（安塔利亚阿特纳兹大学理学院空间科学与技术系）
Rich and poor galaxy clusters have the same measured halo metallicity, 0.35-0.4 $Z_\odot$, even though they are an order of magnitude apart in stellar fraction, $M_*/M_{gas}$. The measured intracluster medium (ICM) metallicity in high-mass clusters cannot be explained by the visible stellar population as stars typically make up 3-20% of the total baryon mass. The independence of metallicity of $M_*/M_{gas}$ suggests an external and universal source of metals such as an early enrichment population (EEP). Galaxy cluster RX J1416.4+2315, classified as a fosil system, has a stellar fraction of $M_…
We present an analysis of the formation and chemical evolution of stellar haloes around (a) Milky Way Analogue (MWA) galaxies and (b) galaxy clusters in the L-Galaxies 2020 semi-analytic model of galaxy evolution. Observed stellar halo properties are better reproduced when assuming a gradual stripping model for the removal of cold gas and stars from satellites, compared to an instantaneous stripping model. The slope of the stellar mass -- metallicity relation for MWA stellar haloes is in good agreement with that observed in the local Universe. This extends the good agreement between L-Galaxies…
We present a modified version of the L-GALAXIES 2020 semi-analytic model of galaxy evolution, which includes significantly increased direct metal enrichment of the circumgalactic medium (CGM) by supernovae (SNe). These more metal-rich outflows do not require increased mass-loading factors, in contrast to some other galaxy evolution models. This modified L-GALAXIES 2020 model is able to simultaneously reproduce the gas-phase metallicity $(Z_{\rm g})$ and stellar metallicity $(Z_{*})$ radial profiles observed in nearby disc galaxies by MaNGA and MUSE, as well as the observed mass - metallicity r…
Chemical composition and enrichment of the Centaurus cluster core seen by XRISM/Resolve
IRAP, CNRS, Université de Toulouse, CNES（IRAP, 法国国家科学研究中心, 图卢兹大学）；Department of Astronomy, University of Maryland（马里兰大学天文学系）；NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center（美国宇航局戈达德太空飞行中心）；Center for Research and Exploration in Space Science and Technology, NASA/GSFC (CRESST II)（NASA/GSFC空间科学与技术研究探索中心）；Institute of Space and Astronautical Science (ISAS), Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA)（日本宇宙航空研究开发机构宇宙科学研究所）；SRON Netherlands Institute for Space Research（荷兰空间研究所）；Department of Physics, Saitama University（埼玉大学物理系）；Waterloo Centre for Astrophysics, Department of Physics and Astronomy（滑铁卢天体物理中心）；Department of Theoretical Physics and Astrophysics, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University（马萨里克大学理学院理论与天体物理学系）；Department of Physics, Tokyo Metropolitan University（东京都立大学物理系）
Chemical enrichment of the Perseus cluster core seen by XRISM/Resolve
University of Geneva（日内瓦大学）；Ehime University（爱媛大学）；University of Maryland, College Park（马里兰大学帕克分校）；NASA / Goddard Space Flight Center（美国宇航局戈达德太空飞行中心）；Center for Research and Exploration in Space Science and Technology, NASA / GSFC (CRESST II)（NASA/GSFC空间科学与技术研究探索中心（CRESST II））；University of Tokyo（东京大学）；Technion（以色列理工学院）；University of Maryland, Baltimore County (UMBC)（马里兰大学巴尔的摩县分校）；Center for Astrophysics | Harvard-Smithsonian（哈佛-史密森尼天体物理中心）；Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory（劳伦斯利弗莫尔国家实验室）；University of Michigan（密歇根大学）；SRON Netherlands Institute for Space Research（荷兰空间研究研究所）；ESO（欧洲南方天文台）
A Broken Clock Is Right Twice a Day: [Ce/Mg] Is Not a Universal Chemical Clock
The Ohio State University（俄亥俄州立大学）；Carnegie Institution for Science（卡内基科学学会）；The University of Texas at Austin（德克萨斯大学奥斯汀分校）；Lund Observatory（隆德天文台）；Johns Hopkins University（约翰斯·霍普金斯大学）；Flatiron Institute（平顿研究所）
High-resolution X-ray spectroscopy with XRISM/Resolve reveals super-Solar abundance ratios in Virgo/M87
SRON, Space Research Organisation Netherlands（荷兰空间研究所）；Leiden Observatory, Leiden University（莱顿大学莱顿天文台）；Kavli Institute for the Physics and Mathematics of the Universe (WPI), The University of Tokyo（东京大学宇宙物质起源宇宙论前沿研究机构）；NASA / Goddard Space Flight Center（美国国家航空航天局戈达德太空飞行中心）；Department of Astronomy, University of Maryland（马里兰大学天文学系）；Center for Research and Exploration in Space Science and Technology, NASA / GSFC (CRESST II)（NASA/GSFC空间科学与技术研究探索中心）；Univ Toulouse, CNES, CNRS, IRAP（图卢兹大学、法国国家空间研究中心、法国国家科学研究中心、图卢兹天体物理研究所）；Center for Space Sciences and Technology, University of Maryland, Baltimore County (UMBC)（马里兰大学巴尔的摩县分校空间科学与技术中心）；School of Physics & Astronomy, University of Nottingham（诺丁汉大学物理与天文学院）
The Chemical Homogeneity of Single-Lined Spectroscopic Binaries in Open Clusters
University of Utah（犹他大学）；Texas Christian University（德克萨斯基督教大学）；Johns Hopkins University（约翰斯·霍普金斯大学）；Steward Observatory, University of Arizona（亚利桑那大学斯图尔德天文台）；Observatório Nacional（国家天文台）；Max-Planck-Institut für Astronomie（马克斯·普朗克天文学研究所）；Center for Computational Astrophysics, Flatiron Institute（平顿院计算天体物理中心）；American Museum of Natural History（美国自然历史博物馆）
