Probing the early Milky Way with GHOST spectra of an extremely metal-poor star in the Galactic disk
Anya Dovgal, Kim A. Venn, Federico Sestito, Christian R. Hayes, Alan W. McConnachie, Julio F. Navarro, Vinicius M. Placco, Else Starkenburg, Nicolas F. Martin, … 展开作者
Anya Dovgal, Kim A. Venn, Federico Sestito, Christian R. Hayes, Alan W. McConnachie, Julio F. Navarro, Vinicius M. Placco, Else Starkenburg, Nicolas F. Martin, John S. Pazder, Kristin Chiboucas, Emily Deibert, Roberto Gamen, Jeong-Eun Heo, Venu M. Kalari, Eder Martioli, Siyi Xu, Ruben Diaz, Manuel Gomez-Jiminez, David Henderson, Pablo Prado, Carlos Quiroz, J. Gordon Robertson, Roque Ruiz-Carmona, Chris Simpson, Cristian Urrutia, Fletcher Waller, Trsytyn Berg, Gregory Burley, Zachary Hartman, Michael Ireland, Steve Margheim, Gabriel Perez, Joanna Thomas-Osip
备注：
16 pages, 10 figures, 6 tables. Accepted by MNRAS November 22; Revisions include comparisons to more EMP stars, results unchanged
Pristine_183.6849+04.8619 (P1836849) is an extremely metal-poor ([Fe/H]$=-3.3\pm0.1$) star on a prograde orbit confined to the Galactic disk. Such stars are rare and may have their origins in protogalactic fragments that formed the early Milky Way, in low mass satellites accreted later, or forming in situ in the Galactic plane. Here we present a chemo-dynamical analysis of the spectral features between $3700-11000$Å from a high-resolution spectrum taken during Science Verification of the new Gemini High-resolution Optical SpecTrograph (GHOST). Spectral features for many chemical elements are analysed (Mg, Al, Si, Ca, Sc, Ti, Cr, Mn, Fe, Ni), and valuable upper limits are determined for others (C, Na, Sr, Ba). This main sequence star exhibits several rare chemical signatures, including (i) extremely low metallicity for a star in the Galactic disk, (ii) very low abundances of the light $α$-elements (Na, Mg, Si) compared to other metal-poor stars, and (iii) unusually large abundances of Cr and Mn, where [Cr, Mn/Fe]$_{\rm NLTE}>+0.5$. A comparison to theoretical yields from supernova models suggests that two low mass Population III objects (one 10 M$_\odot$ supernova and one 17 M$_\odot$ hypernova) can reproduce the abundance pattern well (reduced $χ^2<1$). When this star is compared to other extremely metal-poor stars on quasi-circular, prograde planar orbits, differences in both chemistry and kinematics imply there is little evidence for a common origin. The unique chemistry of P1836849 is discussed in terms of the earliest stages in the formation of the Milky Way.
Yellowballs (YBs) were first discovered during the Milky Way Project citizen-science initiative (MWP; Simpson et al. 2012). MWP users noticed compact, yellow regions in Spitzer Space Telescope mid-infrared (MIR) images of the Milky Way plane and asked professional astronomers to explain these "yellow balls." Follow-up work by Kerton et al. (2015) determined that YBs likely trace compact photo-dissociation regions associated with massive and intermediate-mass star formation. YBs were included as target objects in a version of the Milky Way Project launched in 2016 (Jayasinghe et al. 2016), whic…
We use recent microlensing observations toward the central bulge of the Galaxy to probe the overall stellar plus brown dwarf initial mass function (IMF) in these regions well within the brown dwarf domain. We find that the IMF is consistent with the same Chabrier (2005) IMF characteristic of the Galactic disk. In contrast, other IMFs suggested in the literature overpredict the number of short-time events, thus of very-low mass stars and brown dwarfs, compared with observations. This, again, supports the suggestion that brown dwarfs and stars form predominantly via the same mechanism. We show t…
Probing the Milky Way Halo with RR Lyrae Stars from Gaia Data Release 3
INAF - Osservatorio di Astrofisica e Scienza dello Spazio di Bologna（意大利国家天体物理研究所博洛尼亚天文台与空间科学观测站）；Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia-Universitá di Bologna（博洛尼亚大学物理与天文系）；Lucerne University of Applied Sciences and Arts（卢塞恩应用科学与艺术大学）；TOELT LLC（TOELT有限责任公司）
A supernova remnant (SNR) candidate SRGe~J0023+3625 = G116.6-26.1 was recently discovered in the \textit{SRG}/eROSITA all-sky X-ray survey. This large ($\sim 4$ deg in diameter) SNR candidate lacks prominent counterparts in other bands. Here we report detection of radio emission from G116.6-26.1 in the LOFAR Two-metre Sky Survey (LoTTS-DR2). Radio images show a shell-like structure coincident with the X-ray boundary of the SNR. The measured surface brightness of radio emission from this SNR is very low. Extrapolation of the observed surface brightness to 1~GHz places G116.6-26.1 well below oth…
Barium Stars Across the Milky Way: Probing Their Origins via the GALAH Survey
San Diego State University（圣地亚哥州立大学）；The University of Texas at Austin（德克萨斯大学奥斯汀分校）；University of Utah（犹他大学）；University of California Santa Cruz（加州大学圣克鲁兹分校）；Mullard Space Science Laboratory, University College London（伦敦大学学院穆拉德空间科学实验室）；Indiana University（印第安纳大学）；University of Wisconsin-Whitewater（威斯康星大学惠特沃分校）
We estimate limits on non-universal coupling of hypothetical hidden fields to standard matter by evaluating the fractional changes in the electron-to-proton mass ratio, mu = m_e/m_p, based on observations of ClassI methanol masers distributed in the Milky Way disk over the range of the galactocentric distances 4 < R < 12 kpc. The velocity offsets DeltaV = V44 - V95 measured between the 44 and 95 GHz methanol lines provide, so far, one of the most stringent constraints on the spatial gradient k_mu = d(Delta mu/mu)/dR < 2x10^-9 kpc-1 and the upper limit on Delta mu/mu < 2x10^-8, where Delta mu/m…
Probing the Anisotropy of the Milky Way Gaseous Halo-II: sightline toward Mrk509
炽热的百万度气体似乎弥漫在银河系晕中，包含了银河系中大部分缺失的重子。这种环星系介质（CGM）在X射线中被有效地探测，无论是在吸收还是在发射中。CGM也似乎是各向异性的，所以我们已经开始了一个程序，以确定CGM属性沿几个视线结合吸收和发射测量。在这里，我们提出了使用新的\suzaku和\xmm观测接近\mrk 509视线的排放测量。我们还提出了新的分析和建模的\chandra HETG光谱约束的吸收参数。在这个视线范围内的排放量很高，EM $=0.0165\pm0.0008\pm0.0006~$ cm $^{-6}~$ pc，是平均值的五倍。然而，观察到的\ovii柱密度N（\ovii）$= 2.35\pm0.4 \times 10^{16}$ cm $^{-2}$接近平均值。我们发现发射和吸收气体的温度是相同的：分别为$\log T (\rm K) = 6.33\pm0.01$和$\log T (\rm K)=6.33\pm0.16$。我们用$β-$模型密度分布拟合了观测到的柱密度和发射测量。中心密度被限制在$n_0=2.8$- $6.0\times 10^{-4}$ cm $^{-3}$之间，并且密度分布的芯半径具有40 kpc的下限。这表明热气体主要在星系的CGM中，而不是在银河系盘中。我们推导出的密度分布接近\citet{Maller2004}配置文件的绝热气体在流体静力学…
We report a discovery of a new X-ray-selected supernova remnant (SNR) candidate SRGe~J0023+3625 = G116.6-26.1 found in the SRG/eROSITA all-sky survey. The source features a large angular extent ($\sim 4$ deg in diameter), nearly circular shape and X-ray spectrum dominated by emission lines of helium- and hydrogen-like oxygen. It lacks bright counterparts of similar extent at other wavelengths which could be unequivocally associated with it. Given the relatively high Galactic latitude of the source, $b\approx-26$ deg, we interpret these observational properties as an indication of the off-disk …
We analyze the velocity anisotropy of stars in real and energy space for a sample of Milky Way-like galaxies in the TNG50 simulation. We employ different selection criteria, including spatial, kinematic and metallicity cuts, and make three halo classes ($\mathcal{A}$-$\mathcal{C}$) which show mild-to-strong sensitivity to different selections. The above classes cover 48%, 16% and 36% of halos, respectively. We analyze the $β$ radial profiles and divide them into either monotonically increasing radial profiles or ones with peaks and troughs. We demonstrate that halos with monotonically increasi…
We identify substructures of the Galactic halo using 3,003 type $ab$ RR Lyraes (RRab) with 6D position-velocity information from the SDSS, LAMOST, and Gaia EDR3. Based on the information, we define the separation of any two of the stars in the integrals of motion space and identify substructures by utilizing the friends-of-friends algorithm. We identify members belonging to several known substructures: the Sagittarius stream, the Gaia-Enceladus-Sausage (GES), the Sequoia, and the Helmi streams. In addition to these known substructures, there are three other substructures possibly associated wi…
Spectroscopic surveys with the SKA probing the ionized and molecular Milky Way
Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń（托伦尼古拉·哥白尼大学）；Macquarie University（麦考瑞大学）；California State University, Chico（奇科加州州立大学）；University of Kent（肯特大学）；University of Bonn（波恩大学）；West Virginia University（西弗吉尼亚大学）；Tata Institute of Fundamental Research（塔塔基础研究所）；University of Leeds（利兹大学）；Royal Observatory Edinburgh（爱丁堡皇家天文台）；Max Planck Institute for Astronomy（马克斯·普朗克天体物理学研究所）
Probing the Hot Gaseous Halos of Milky Way-like Galaxies in the TNG50 simulation
Xiamen University（厦门大学）；Shanghai Jiao Tong University（上海交通大学）；Tsinghua University（清华大学）；Columbia University（哥伦比亚大学）；University of Bologna（博洛尼亚大学）；INAF, Astrophysics and Space Science Observatory Bologna（意大利国家天体物理研究所博洛尼亚天文台与空间科学观测站）；University of Virginia（弗吉尼亚大学）；Massachusetts Institute of Technology（麻省理工学院）
We present a 6-D map of the Orphan-Chenab (OC) stream by combining the data from Southern Stellar Stream Spectroscopic Survey ($S^5$) and {\it Gaia}. We reconstruct the proper motion, radial velocity, distance, on-sky track and stellar density along the stream with spline models. The stream has a total luminosity of $M_V=-8.2$ and metallicity of $\mathrm{[Fe/H]}=-1.9$, similar to classical Milky Way (MW) satellites like Draco. The stream shows drastic changes in its physical width varying from 200 pc to 1 kpc, but a constant line of sight velocity dispersion of 5 km/ss. Despite the large appar…
Probing Atomic Dark Matter with Stellar Streams in Milky Way-Mass Galaxies
Princeton University（普林斯顿大学）；University of Pennsylvania（宾夕法尼亚大学）；Flatiron Institute（平顿研究所）；University of California, San Diego（加州大学圣地亚哥分校）；University of Washington（华盛顿大学）；Massachusetts Institute of Technology（麻省理工学院）
We propose a new method to determine the shape of the gravitational potential of the dark matter (DM) halo of the Milky Way (MW) with the galactocentric tangential velocities of a sample of hypervelocity stars (HVSs). We compute the trajectories of different samples of HVSs in a MW where the baryon distribution is axisymmetric and the DM potential either is spherical or is spheroidal or triaxial with radial-dependent axis ratios. We determine the shape of the DM potential with the distribution of the latitudinal velocity $|v_{\vartheta}|$ in axisymmetric Galactic potentials, or with the distri…
Probing the kinematics of the Local Group with chemically enriched gas in the Hestia simulations
Universidad de Buenos Aires（布宜诺斯艾利斯大学）；Instituto de Astronomía y Física del Espacio (IAFE, CONICET-UBA)（空间天体物理研究所）；Institut für Physik und Astronomie, Universität Potsdam（波茨坦大学物理与天文学研究所）；Leibniz-Institut für Astrophysik（莱布尼茨天体物理研究所）；New York University Abu Dhabi（阿布扎比纽约大学）；Center for Astrophysics and Space Science (CASS), New York University Abu Dhabi（阿布扎比纽约大学天体物理学与空间科学中心）；Massachusetts Institute of Technology（麻省理工学院）
Probing the All-sky Distribution of Soft X-ray Emission Associated with the Milky Way
Tokai National Higher Education and Research System, Nagoya University（东京大学高等教育与研究系统名古屋大学）；NASA/Marshall Space Flight Center（美国国家航空航天局/马歇尔太空飞行中心）；Tokyo University of Science（东京理科大学）；NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center（美国国家航空航天局/戈达德太空飞行中心）；LATMOS/IPSL, UVSQ Université Paris-Saclay, Sorbonne Université, CNRS（大气、气候和地球动力学实验室/IPSL，巴黎萨克雷大学UVSQ分校，索邦大学，法国国家科学研究中心）；The Henry A. Rowland Department of Physics and Astronomy, Johns Hopkins University（约翰斯·霍普金斯大学亨利·A·罗兰尔物理与天文学系）
Probing the IMF in the Early Universe -- Direct measurements in the Boötes I UFD with JWST/NIRCam
University of Maryland, College Park（马里兰大学帕克分校）；Space Telescope Science Institute（太空望远镜科学研究所）；INAF – Osservatorio Astronomico di Abruzzo（意大利国家天体物理研究所阿布鲁佐天文台）；INFN – Sezione di Pisa, Universita’ di Pisa（意大利国家核物理研究所比萨分部，比萨大学）
通过JWST/NIRCam对Boötes I UFD中低质量IMF进行研究，结合机器学习和统计方法，发现单幂律IMF无法再现观测到的光度函数，而分段幂律和对数正态IMF参数与银河系一致，表明低金属度下恒星形成遵循相似IMF。
I describe and demonstrate a new approach to using spectroscopic data to exploit Poisson sampling fluctuations in unresolved stellar populations. The method is introduced using spectra predicted for independent samples of stars from a 10 Gyr population a using a simple stochastic spectral synthesis model. A principal components analysis shows that >99 per cent of the spectral variation in the red-optical can be attributed to just three "fluctuation eigenspectra", which can be related to the number of giant stars present in each sample, and their distribution along the isochrone. The first eige…
We present a new observation of satellite galaxies around seven Milky Way (MW)-like galaxies located outside of the Local Group (LG) using Subaru/Hyper Suprime-Cam imaging data to statistically address the missing satellite problem. We select satellite galaxy candidates using magnitude, surface brightness, Sérsic index, axial ratio, full width half maximum, and surface brightness fluctuation cuts, followed by visual screening of false-positives such as optical ghosts of bright stars. We identify 51 secure dwarf satellite galaxies within the virial radius of nine host galaxies, two of which are…
Extremely-Metal Poor Stars in the Milky Way: A Second Generation Formed after Reionization
第三星族恒星形成的宇宙学模拟显示，当冷却由氢分子驱动时，初始质量函数（IMF）偏向于在红移z>20的迷你晕中形成的超大质量恒星（M> 100 Msun）。然而，这一结果与银河系晕中的极贫金属（EMP）恒星的观测结果相冲突，其r过程元素丰度似乎与非常大的第三星族祖先的预期不相容。我们提出了一个新的解决方案的问题，其中的IMF的第二代恒星形成在z>10，再电离之前，是不足的亚太阳质量的恒星，由于高宇宙微波背景温度地板。观测到的EMP星优先在z <10 in pockets of gas enriched to metallicity Z>10^{-3.5} Zsun由星族II星的风形成。我们对像银河系这样的暗物质晕的宇宙学模拟表明，目前的EMP星样本只能限制晚期第三星族恒星的IMF，这些恒星形成于z<13的晕中，维里温度Tvir约为10^4 K。这表明对不稳定性超新星主要不是由这个群体产生的。要开始探测形成于高红移的第三星族恒星的IMF，需要进行一次大规模的巡天，至少要有500颗，可能是几千颗金属丰度为Z~10^{-3.5} Zsun的EMP星。
