Hierarchical Skeleton Meta-Prototype Contrastive Learning with Hard Skeleton Mining for Unsupervised Person Re-Identification
Nanyang Technological University(南洋理工大学);The University of British Columbia(不列颠哥伦比亚大学)
Haocong Rao, Cyril Leung, Chunyan Miao
备注:
Published at International Journal of Computer Vision (IJCV) 2023. Codes are available at https://github.com/Kali-Hac/Hi-MPC. The Appendix A for Proof (6 pages) and Appendix B for Experiments (13 pages) are included in the version [v3] at arXiv:2307.12917
With rapid advancements in depth sensors and deep learning, skeleton-based person re-identification (re-ID) models have recently achieved remarkable progress with many advantages. Most existing solutions learn single-level skeleton features from body joints with the assumption of equal skeleton importance, while they typically lack the ability to exploit more informative skeleton features from various levels such as limb level with more global body patterns. The label dependency of these methods also limits their flexibility in learning more general skeleton representations. This paper proposes a generic unsupervised Hierarchical skeleton Meta-Prototype Contrastive learning (Hi-MPC) approach with Hard Skeleton Mining (HSM) for person re-ID with unlabeled 3D skeletons. Firstly, we construct hierarchical representations of skeletons to model coarse-to-fine body and motion features from the levels of body joints, components, and limbs. Then a hierarchical meta-prototype contrastive learning model is proposed to cluster and contrast the most typical skeleton features ("prototypes") from different-level skeletons. By converting original prototypes into meta-prototypes with multiple homogeneous transformations, we induce the model to learn the inherent consistency of prototypes to capture more effective skeleton features for person re-ID. Furthermore, we devise a hard skeleton mining mechanism to adaptively infer the informative importance of each skeleton, so as to focus on harder skeletons to learn more discriminative skeleton representations. Extensive evaluations on five datasets demonstrate that our approach outperforms a wide variety of state-of-the-art skeleton-based methods. We further show the general applicability of our method to cross-view person re-ID and RGB-based scenarios with estimated skeletons.
Joint NTU-UBC Research Centre of Excellence in Active Living for the Elderly(南洋理工大学-不列颠哥伦比亚大学活跃老年生活卓越联合研究中心);Nanyang Technological University(南洋理工大学)
Person re-identification (re-ID) via 3D skeletons is an important emerging topic with many merits. Existing solutions rarely explore valuable body-component relations in skeletal structure or motion, and they typically lack the ability to learn general representations with unlabeled skeleton data for person re-ID. This paper proposes a generic unsupervised Skeleton Prototype Contrastive learning paradigm with Multi-level Graph Relation learning (SPC-MGR) to learn effective representations from unlabeled skeletons to perform person re-ID. Specifically, we first construct unified multi-level ske…
Nanyang Technological University(南洋理工大学);Joint NTU-UBC Research Centre of Excellence in Active Living for the Elderly (LILY)(南洋理工大学-不列颠哥伦比亚大学活跃老年生活卓越联合研究中心(LILY))
Recent advances in skeleton-based person re-identification (re-ID) obtain impressive performance via either hand-crafted skeleton descriptors or skeleton representation learning with deep learning paradigms. However, they typically require skeletal pre-modeling and label information for training, which leads to limited applicability of these methods. In this paper, we focus on unsupervised skeleton-based person re-ID, and present a generic Simple Masked Contrastive learning (SimMC) framework to learn effective representations from unlabeled 3D skeletons for person re-ID. Specifically, to fully…
Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences(中国科学院深圳先进技术研究院);The Chinese University of Hong Kong(香港中文大学);Lanzhou University(兰州大学);Beijing Institute of Technology(北京理工大学)
Person re-identification via 3D skeletons is an emerging topic with great potential in security-critical applications. Existing methods typically learn body and motion features from the body-joint trajectory, whereas they lack a systematic way to model body structure and underlying relations of body components beyond the scale of body joints. In this paper, we for the first time propose a Self-supervised Multi-scale Skeleton Graph Encoding (SM-SGE) framework that comprehensively models human body, component relations, and skeleton dynamics from unlabeled skeleton graphs of various scales to le…
Motif Guided Graph Transformer with Combinatorial Skeleton Prototype Learning for Skeleton-Based Person Re-Identification
College of Computing and Data Science, Nanyang Technological University (NTU)(南洋理工大学计算与数据科学学院);Joint NTU-UBC Research Centre of Excellence in Active Living for the Elderly (LILY)(南洋理工大学-不列颠哥伦比亚大学老年活跃生活卓越联合研究中心)
A Survey on 3D Skeleton Based Person Re-Identification: Taxonomy, Advances, Challenges, and Interdisciplinary Prospects
College of Computing and Data Science, Nanyang Technological University (NTU), Singapore(南洋理工大学计算与数据科学学院,新加坡);Joint NTU-UBC Research Centre of Excellence in Active Living for the Elderly (LILY), NTU, Singapore(老龄化积极生活卓越研究中心(LILY),南洋理工大学,新加坡);Alibaba-NTU Global e-Sustainability CorpLab (ANGEL), NTU, Singapore(阿里巴巴-南洋理工大学全球可持续发展企业实验室(ANGEL),南洋理工大学,新加坡)
TranSG: Transformer-Based Skeleton Graph Prototype Contrastive Learning with Structure-Trajectory Prompted Reconstruction for Person Re-Identification
LILY Research Center, Nanyang Technological University(南洋理工大学LILY研究中心);School of Computer Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University(南洋理工大学计算机科学与工程学院)
Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences(中国科学院深圳先进技术研究院);The Chinese University of Hong Kong(香港中文大学);Lanzhou University(兰州大学);Beijing Institute of Technology(北京理工大学)
Skeleton-based person re-identification (Re-ID) is an emerging open topic providing great value for safety-critical applications. Existing methods typically extract hand-crafted features or model skeleton dynamics from the trajectory of body joints, while they rarely explore valuable relation information contained in body structure or motion. To fully explore body relations, we construct graphs to model human skeletons from different levels, and for the first time propose a Multi-level Graph encoding approach with Structural-Collaborative Relation learning (MG-SCR) to encode discriminative gra…
Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences(中国科学院深圳先进技术研究院);South China University of Technology(华南理工大学);The Chinese University of Hong Kong(香港中文大学);National University of Defense Technology(国防科技大学);Lanzhou University(兰州大学)
Gait-based person re-identification (Re-ID) is valuable for safety-critical applications, and using only 3D skeleton data to extract discriminative gait features for person Re-ID is an emerging open topic. Existing methods either adopt hand-crafted features or learn gait features by traditional supervised learning paradigms. Unlike previous methods, we for the first time propose a generic gait encoding approach that can utilize unlabeled skeleton data to learn gait representations in a self-supervised manner. Specifically, we first propose to introduce self-supervision by learning to reconstru…
Shenzhen Institute of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences(中国科学院深圳先进技术研究院);National University of Defense Technology(国防科技大学);Lanzhou University(兰州大学);South China University of Technology(华南理工大学);Second Clinical Medical College, Jinan University(暨南大学第二临床医学院);Beijing Institute of Technology(北京理工大学)
Person re-identification (Re-ID) via gait features within 3D skeleton sequences is a newly-emerging topic with several advantages. Existing solutions either rely on hand-crafted descriptors or supervised gait representation learning. This paper proposes a self-supervised gait encoding approach that can leverage unlabeled skeleton data to learn gait representations for person Re-ID. Specifically, we first create self-supervision by learning to reconstruct unlabeled skeleton sequences reversely, which involves richer high-level semantics to obtain better gait representations. Other pretext tasks…
Person re-identification (ReID) is an important task in computer vision. Recently, deep learning with a metric learning loss has become a common framework for ReID. In this paper, we also propose a new metric learning loss with hard sample mining called margin smaple mining loss (MSML) which can achieve better accuracy compared with other metric learning losses, such as triplet loss. In experi- ments, our proposed methods outperforms most of the state-of-the-art algorithms on Market1501, MARS, CUHK03 and CUHK-SYSU.
Sun Yat-Sen University(中山大学);Anhui University(安徽大学)
In this paper, we propose Hard Person Identity Mining (HPIM) that attempts to refine the hard example mining to improve the exploration efficacy in person re-identification. It is motivated by following observation: the more attributes some people share, the more difficult to separate their identities. Based on this observation, we develop HPIM via a transferred attribute describer, a deep multi-attribute classifier trained from the source noisy person attribute datasets. We encode each image into the attribute probabilistic description in the target person re-ID dataset. Afterwards in the att…
SRM Institute of Science and Technology(SRM科学技术研究所);CMR Institute of Technology(CMR理工学院)
Human identification plays a prominent role in terms of security. In modern times security is becoming the key term for an individual or a country, especially for countries which are facing internal or external threats. Gait analysis is interpreted as the systematic study of the locomotive in humans. It can be used to extract the exact walking features of individuals. Walking features depends on biological as well as the physical feature of the object; hence, it is unique to every individual. In this work, gait features are used to identify an individual. The steps involve object detection, ba…
Text-based person re-identification (ReID) aims to identify images of the targeted person from a large-scale person image database according to a given textual description. However, due to significant inter-modal gaps, text-based person ReID remains a challenging problem. Most existing methods generally rely heavily on the similarity contributed by matched word-region pairs, while neglecting mismatched word-region pairs which may play a decisive role. Accordingly, we propose to mine false positive examples (MFPE) via a jointly optimized multi-branch architecture to handle this problem. MFPE co…
Wuhan University of Science and Technology(武汉科技大学);China University of Petroleum (East China)(中国石油大学(华东));Hefei University of Technology(合肥工业大学);Wuhan University(武汉大学)
Annotating a large-scale image dataset is very tedious, yet necessary for training person re-identification models. To alleviate such a problem, we present an active hard sample mining framework via training an effective re-ID model with the least labeling efforts. Considering that hard samples can provide informative patterns, we first formulate an uncertainty estimation to actively select hard samples to iteratively train a re-ID model from scratch. Then, intra-diversity estimation is designed to reduce the redundant hard samples by maximizing their diversity. Moreover, we propose a computer…
This paper is a technical report to our submission to the ICCV 2021 VIPriors Re-identification Challenge. In order to make full use of the visual inductive priors of the data, we treat the query and gallery images of the same identity as continuous frames in a video sequence. And we propose one novel post-processing strategy for video temporal relationship mining, which not only calculates the distance matrix between query and gallery images, but also the matrix between gallery images. The initial query image is used to retrieve the most similar image from the gallery, then the retrieved image…
Human Activity Recognition is a field of research where input data can take many forms. Each of the possible input modalities describes human behaviour in a different way, and each has its own strengths and weaknesses. We explore the hypothesis that leveraging multiple modalities can lead to better recognition. Since manual annotation of input data is expensive and time-consuming, the emphasis is made on self-supervised methods which can learn useful feature representations without any ground truth labels. We extend a number of recent contrastive self-supervised approaches for the task of Huma…
In unsupervised person Re-ID, peer-teaching strategy leveraging two networks to facilitate training has been proven to be an effective method to deal with the pseudo label noise. However, training two networks with a set of noisy pseudo labels reduces the complementarity of the two networks and results in label noise accumulation. To handle this issue, this paper proposes a novel Dual Clustering Co-teaching (DCCT) approach. DCCT mainly exploits the features extracted by two networks to generate two sets of pseudo labels separately by clustering with different parameters. Each network is traine…
In this paper, we aim to tackle the one-shot person re-identification problem where only one image is labelled for each person, while other images are unlabelled. This task is challenging due to the lack of sufficient labelled training data. To tackle this problem, we propose to iteratively guess pseudo labels for the unlabeled image samples, which are later used to update the re-identification model together with the labelled samples. A new sampling mechanism is designed to select unlabeled samples to pseudo labelled samples based on the distance matrix, and to form a training triplet batch i…
The existing person search methods use the annotated labels of person identities to train deep networks in a supervised manner that requires a huge amount of time and effort for human labeling. In this paper, we first introduce a novel framework of person search that is able to train the network in the absence of the person identity labels, and propose efficient unsupervised clustering methods to substitute the supervision process using annotated person identity labels. Specifically, we propose a hard negative mining scheme based on the uniqueness property that only a single person has the sam…
In this paper, we propose a novel person Re-ID model, Consecutive Batch DropBlock Network (CBDB-Net), to capture the attentive and robust person descriptor for the person Re-ID task. The CBDB-Net contains two novel designs: the Consecutive Batch DropBlock Module (CBDBM) and the Elastic Loss (EL). In the Consecutive Batch DropBlock Module (CBDBM), we firstly conduct uniform partition on the feature maps. And then, we independently and continuously drop each patch from top to bottom on the feature maps, which can output multiple incomplete feature maps. In the training stage, these multiple inco…
Although the performance of person re-identification (Re-ID) has been much improved by using sophisticated training methods and large-scale labelled datasets, many existing methods make the impractical assumption that information of a target domain can be utilized during training. In practice, a Re-ID system often starts running as soon as it is deployed, hence training with data from a target domain is unrealistic. To make Re-ID systems more practical, methods have been proposed that achieve high performance without information of a target domain. However, they need cumbersome tuning for trai…
MSCMNet: Multi-scale Semantic Correlation Mining for Visible-Infrared Person Re-Identification
School of Computer, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology(江苏科技大学计算机学院);School of Computer Science and Communication Engineering, Jiangsu University(江苏大学计算机科学与通信工程学院);School of Artificial Intelligence, Hebei University of Technology(河北工业大学人工智能学院);School of Digital Media, Jiangnan University(江南大学数字媒体学院)
SmartMore Corporation(思谋科技);The Chinese University of Hong Kong (Shenzhen)(香港中文大学(深圳));South China University of Technology(华南理工大学)
Skeleton-based action recognition has attracted research attentions in recent years. One common drawback in currently popular skeleton-based human action recognition methods is that the sparse skeleton information alone is not sufficient to fully characterize human motion. This limitation makes several existing methods incapable of correctly classifying action categories which exhibit only subtle motion differences. In this paper, we propose a novel framework for employing human pose skeleton and joint-centered light-weight information jointly in a two-stream graph convolutional network, namel…
University of Wollongong(伍伦贡大学);Hunan University(湖南大学)
Recently, mid-level features have shown promising performance in computer vision. Mid-level features learned by incorporating class-level information are potentially more discriminative than traditional low-level local features. In this paper, an effective method is proposed to extract mid-level features from Kinect skeletons for 3D human action recognition. Firstly, the orientations of limbs connected by two skeleton joints are computed and each orientation is encoded into one of the 27 states indicating the spatial relationship of the joints. Secondly, limbs are combined into parts and the l…
Affinity Contrastive Learning for Skeleton-based Human Activity Understanding
Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences(中国科学院自动化研究所);School of Artificial Intelligence, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences(中国科学院大学人工智能学院);School of Electronic, Electrical and Communication Engineering, Univeristy of Chinese Academy of Sciences(中国科学院大学电子电气与通信工程学院);School of Artificial Intelligence, Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications(北京邮电大学人工智能学院);Moonshot AI
Inception Institute of Artificial Intelligence (IIAI)(起源人工智能研究院);Terminus Group(特斯联集团)
Recent studies show that, both explicit deep feature matching as well as large-scale and diverse training data can significantly improve the generalization of person re-identification. However, the efficiency of learning deep matchers on large-scale data has not yet been adequately studied. Though learning with classification parameters or class memory is a popular way, it incurs large memory and computational costs. In contrast, pairwise deep metric learning within mini batches would be a better choice. However, the most popular random sampling method, the well-known PK sampler, is not inform…
Inception Institute of Artificial Intelligence(起源人工智能研究所);Indiana University(印第安纳大学);University of Rochester(罗切斯特大学);Mohamed bin Zayed University of Artificial Intelligence(穆罕默德·本·扎耶德人工智能大学)
Visible-infrared person re-identification (VI-ReID) is a challenging cross-modality pedestrian retrieval problem. Due to the large intra-class variations and cross-modality discrepancy with large amount of sample noise, it is difficult to learn discriminative part features. Existing VI-ReID methods instead tend to learn global representations, which have limited discriminability and weak robustness to noisy images. In this paper, we propose a novel dynamic dual-attentive aggregation (DDAG) learning method by mining both intra-modality part-level and cross-modality graph-level contextual cues f…
New York University(纽约大学);University of Southern California(南加州大学);Clarifai(Clarifai公司)
The ability to identify the same person from multiple camera views without the explicit use of facial recognition is receiving commercial and academic interest. The current status-quo solutions are based on attention neural models. In this paper, we propose Attention and CL loss, which is a hybrid of center and Online Soft Mining (OSM) loss added to the attention loss on top of a temporal attention-based neural network. The proposed loss function applied with bag-of-tricks for training surpasses the state of the art on the common person Re-ID datasets, MARS and PRID 2011. Our source code is pu…
Seoul National University(首尔国立大学);Korea Electronics Technology Institute(韩国电子技术研究院);University of Birmingham(伯明翰大学)
We propose a new transformer model for the task of unsupervised learning of skeleton motion sequences. The existing transformer model utilized for unsupervised skeleton-based action learning is learned the instantaneous velocity of each joint from adjacent frames without global motion information. Thus, the model has difficulties in learning the attention globally over whole-body motions and temporally distant joints. In addition, person-to-person interactions have not been considered in the model. To tackle the learning of whole-body motion, long-range temporal dynamics, and person-to-person …
National Taiwan University(台湾大学);Intel Corporation(英特尔公司);Delta Electronics(台达电子);Compal Electronics(仁宝电子)
Person re-identification (re-ID) has received great success with the supervised learning methods. However, the task of unsupervised cross-domain re-ID is still challenging. In this paper, we propose a Hard Samples Rectification (HSR) learning scheme which resolves the weakness of original clustering-based methods being vulnerable to the hard positive and negative samples in the target unlabelled dataset. Our HSR contains two parts, an inter-camera mining method that helps recognize a person under different views (hard positive) and a part-based homogeneity technique that makes the model discri…
Human action recognition as an important application of computer vision has been studied for decades. Among various approaches, skeleton-based methods recently attract increasing attention due to their robust and superior performance. However, existing skeleton-based methods ignore the potential action relationships between different persons, while the action of a person is highly likely to be impacted by another person especially in complex events. In this paper, we propose a novel group-skeleton-based human action recognition method in complex events. This method first utilizes multi-scale s…
Estimating 3D poses and shapes in the form of meshes from monocular RGB images is challenging. Obviously, it is more difficult than estimating 3D poses only in the form of skeletons or heatmaps. When interacting persons are involved, the 3D mesh reconstruction becomes more challenging due to the ambiguity introduced by person-to-person occlusions. To tackle the challenges, we propose a coarse-to-fine pipeline that benefits from 1) inverse kinematics from the occlusion-robust 3D skeleton estimation and 2) Transformer-based relation-aware refinement techniques. In our pipeline, we first obtain o…
Skeleton-based two-person interaction recognition has been gaining increasing attention as advancements are made in pose estimation and graph convolutional networks. Although the accuracy has been gradually improving, the increasing computational complexity makes it more impractical for a real-world environment. There is still room for accuracy improvement as the conventional methods do not fully represent the relationship between inter-body joints. In this paper, we propose a lightweight model for accurately recognizing two-person interactions. In addition to the architecture, which incorpora…
Key Laboratory of Machine Perception, Shenzhen Graduate School, Peking University(北京大学深圳研究生院机器感知重点实验室);The School of Intelligent Systems Engineering, Sun Yat-sen University(中山大学智能系统工程学院)
In recent years, self-supervised representation learning for skeleton-based action recognition has been developed with the advance of contrastive learning methods. The existing contrastive learning methods use normal augmentations to construct similar positive samples, which limits the ability to explore novel movement patterns. In this paper, to make better use of the movement patterns introduced by extreme augmentations, a Contrastive Learning framework utilizing Abundant Information Mining for self-supervised action Representation (AimCLR) is proposed. First, the extreme augmentations and t…
Searching persons in large-scale image databases with the query of natural language description is a more practical important applications in video surveillance. Intuitively, for person search, the core issue should be visual-textual association, which is still an extremely challenging task, due to the contradiction between the high abstraction of textual description and the intuitive expression of visual images. However, for this task, while positive image-text pairs are always well provided, most existing methods doesn't tackle this problem effectively by mining more reasonable negative pair…
ROSE Lab, Nanyang Technological University(南洋理工大学ROSE实验室);Singapore University of Technology and Design(新加坡科技设计大学)
Research on group activity recognition mostly leans on the standard two-stream approach (RGB and Optical Flow) as their input features. Few have explored explicit pose information, with none using it directly to reason about the persons interactions. In this paper, we leverage the skeleton information to learn the interactions between the individuals straight from it. With our proposed method GIRN, multiple relationship types are inferred from independent modules, that describe the relations between the body joints pair-by-pair. Additionally to the joints relations, we also experiment with the…
Beijing University of Posts and Telecommunications(北京邮电大学);Kuaishou Technology(快手科技);Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences(中国科学院自动化研究所)
Person image generation aims to perform non-rigid deformation on source images, which generally requires unaligned data pairs for training. Recently, self-supervised methods express great prospects in this task by merging the disentangled representations for self-reconstruction. However, such methods fail to exploit the spatial correlation between the disentangled features. In this paper, we propose a Self-supervised Correlation Mining Network (SCM-Net) to rearrange the source images in the feature space, in which two collaborative modules are integrated, Decomposed Style Encoder (DSE) and Cor…
CY Cergy Paris Université(赛尔齐-蓬图瓦兹大学);ENSEA(法国高等电力学院);CNRS(法国国家科学研究中心)
In this paper, we propose a novel method for representation and classification of two-person interactions from 3D skeleton sequences. The key idea of our approach is to use Gaussian distributions to capture statistics on R n and those on the space of symmetric positive definite (SPD) matrices. The main challenge is how to parametrize those distributions. Towards this end, we develop methods for embedding Gaussian distributions in matrix groups based on the theory of Lie groups and Riemannian symmetric spaces. Our method relies on the Riemannian geometry of the underlying manifolds and has the …
Shanghai Jiao Tong University(上海交通大学);Hong Kong University of Science and Technology(香港科技大学);DongHua University(东华大学)
Human-Object Interaction (HOI) detection plays a crucial role in activity understanding. Though significant progress has been made, interactiveness learning remains a challenging problem in HOI detection: existing methods usually generate redundant negative H-O pair proposals and fail to effectively extract interactive pairs. Though interactiveness has been studied in both whole body- and part- level and facilitates the H-O pairing, previous works only focus on the target person once (i.e., in a local perspective) and overlook the information of the other persons. In this paper, we argue that …
Sapienza University of Rome(罗马第一大学);Technical University of Munich(慕尼黑工业大学)
Self-paced learning has been beneficial for tasks where some initial knowledge is available, such as weakly supervised learning and domain adaptation, to select and order the training sample sequence, from easy to complex. However its applicability remains unexplored in unsupervised learning, whereby the knowledge of the task matures during training. We propose a novel HYperbolic Self-Paced model (HYSP) for learning skeleton-based action representations. HYSP adopts self-supervision: it uses data augmentations to generate two views of the same sample, and it learns by matching one (named onlin…
The Chinese University of HongKong(香港中文大学);Shanghai AI Laboratory(上海人工智能实验室);The University of Texas at Austin(德克萨斯大学奥斯汀分校);SenseTime Research(商汤科技研究院);Nanyang Technological University(南洋理工大学)
Human skeleton, as a compact representation of human action, has received increasing attention in recent years. Many skeleton-based action recognition methods adopt graph convolutional networks (GCN) to extract features on top of human skeletons. Despite the positive results shown in previous works, GCN-based methods are subject to limitations in robustness, interoperability, and scalability. In this work, we propose PoseC3D, a new approach to skeleton-based action recognition, which relies on a 3D heatmap stack instead of a graph sequence as the base representation of human skeletons. Compare…
The University of Melbourne(墨尔本大学);Monash University(莫纳什大学);Lancaster University(兰卡斯特大学);Singapore University of Technology and Design(新加坡科技设计大学)
Human interaction recognition is very important in many applications. One crucial cue in recognizing an interaction is the interactive body parts. In this work, we propose a novel Interaction Graph Transformer (IGFormer) network for skeleton-based interaction recognition via modeling the interactive body parts as graphs. More specifically, the proposed IGFormer constructs interaction graphs according to the semantic and distance correlations between the interactive body parts, and enhances the representation of each person by aggregating the information of the interactive body parts based on t…
Mining Multi-Modality Spatio-Temporal Cues for Video Important Person Identification
School of Computer Science and Technology, Wuhan University of Science and Technology(武汉科技大学计算机科学与技术学院);Hubei Province Key Laboratory of Intelligent Information Processing and Real-time Industrial System, Wuhan University of Science and Technology(湖北省智能信息处理与实时工业系统重点实验室);School of Computer Science, National Engineering Research Center for Multimedia Software, Hubei Key Laboratory of Multimedia and Network Communication Engineering, Wuhan University(计算机科学学院,国家多媒体软件工程技术研究中心,湖北省多媒体与网络通信工程重点实验室,武汉大学);College of Computing and Data Science, Nanyang Technological University(计算与数据科学学院,南洋理工大学)