借助James Webb Space Telescope（JWST，詹姆斯·韦布空间望远镜），近期发现了红移$z>10$的天体，这对已流行一段时间的$Λ$CDM宇宙学模型提出了严峻挑战。新数据表明，星系形成必定发生得远早于该模型的预期。另一类可行的宇宙学模型是所谓的滑行模型，其中宇宙的标度因子随时间成比例变化。在这些模型中，红移$z=12$时的宇宙拥有充足时间（约1070 Myrs）用于星系形成。此类模型最早由E.A. Milne基于其“运动学相对论”提出，但由于未将引力视为宇宙学尺度上的相关因素，它被认为是不现实的。早在SNe Ia数据开始大量涌现之前，本文作者就提出了一种闭合版本的永恒滑行FLRW模型。随后，我们发展了同类中更一般的模型，该模型对全部三种可能几何均有效，即空间截面为开放、闭合或平坦。在非相对论时期，该模型给出可证伪的预测：物质密度与暗能量密度之比为2。这避免了宇宙巧合问题。此外，这种永恒滑行模型为物质从暗能量中创生留出了空间，正如JWST数据所暗示的，这可能加速早期时期的星系和结构形成。本文还尝试综述一些类似的滑行模型，但强调永恒滑行宇宙学是最有可能解释JWST所发现高红移星系存在的候选模型。
英文摘要：
The recent discovery of objects with redshift $z>10$ with the help of James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) poses serious challenges to the $Λ$CDM cosmological model, which has been in vogue for some time now. The new data indicate that galaxy formation must have taken place much earlier than expected in this model. Another viable class of cosmological models is that of the so-called coasting models, in which the scale factor of the universe varies proportionately with time. In these models, the universe at redshift $z=12$ has ample time ($\sim 1070$ Myrs) for galaxy formation. The earliest such model is the one proposed by E.A. Milne, based on his `kinematic relativity', but it is considered unrealistic for not treating gravity as relevant at cosmological scales. A closed version of an eternal coasting FLRW model was proposed by the present authors even before SNe Ia data began to pour in. Subsequently we developed a more general model of the same class, which is valid for all the three possible geometries, with open, closed or flat spatial sections. In the nonrelativistic era, this model makes the falsifiable prediction that the ratio of matter density to dark energy density is 2. This avoids the cosmic coincidence problem. Moreover, this eternal coasting model allows room for creation of matter from dark energy, that may speed up galaxy and structure formation at the early epochs, as implied by the JWST data. The paper also attempts to review some similar coasting models, but emphasizes the eternal coasting cosmology as the most probable candidate model capable of explaining the presence of high redshift galaxies discovered by JWST.
Cosmological Observational Tests in the JWST Era. II: The Tolman Test
Institute of Astronomy of RAS（俄罗斯科学院天文研究所）；Special Astrophysical Observatory of RAS（俄罗斯科学院特别天文台）；Saint Petersburg Branch of the Special Astrophysical Observatory of RAS（俄罗斯科学院特别天文台圣彼得堡分院）；Main Astronomical Observatory of RAS（俄罗斯科学院主天文台）；Saint Petersburg State University（圣彼得堡国立大学）；Saint Petersburg State Marine Technical University（圣彼得堡国立海事技术大学）
Towards Reconciling Reionization with JWST: The Role of Bright Galaxies and Strong Feedback
University of Maryland, College Park（马里兰大学帕克分校）；Space Telescope Science Institute（太空望远镜科学研究所）；University of Zurich（苏黎世大学）；University of Edinburgh（爱丁堡大学）；University of the Western Cape（西开普大学）；New Mexico State University（新墨西哥州立大学）；University of Copenhagen（哥本哈根大学）；Technical University of Denmark（丹麦技术大学）
Investigating cosmic strings using large-volume hydrodynamical simulations in the context of JWST's massive UV-bright galaxies
Goethe University（歌德大学）；Massachusetts Institute of Technology（麻省理工学院）；Center for Astrophysics | Harvard & Smithsonian（天体物理中心 | 哈佛与史密森尼学会）；McGill University（麦吉尔大学）；Institute for Basic Science（基础科学研究院）；York University（约克大学）
JWST lens model for A370: A very low dark matter fraction for a brightest cluster galaxy and lensing properties for the Dragon arc
Tsinghua University（清华大学）；University of Arizona（亚利桑那大学）；Aix Marseille Univ.（艾克斯-马赛大学）；Cosmic Dawn Center (DAWN)（宇宙黎明中心）；Univ. Grenoble Alpes（格勒诺布尔阿尔卑斯大学）；Oklahoma State University（俄克拉荷马州立大学）；Arizona State University（亚利桑那州立大学）；University of Pennsylvania（宾夕法尼亚大学）；University of Basque Country UPV/EHU（巴斯克地区大学）；Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science（伊克尔巴斯基克科学基金会）；Donostia International Physics Center（圣塞巴斯蒂安国际物理中心）
JWST Reveals a Candidate Supermassive Black Hole Binary at z=4.3 in the Brightest Sub-millimeter Galaxy in COSMOS-Web
The University of Texas at Austin（德克萨斯大学奥斯汀分校）；University of California Santa Barbara（加州大学圣塔芭芭拉分校）；University of Colorado, Boulder（科罗拉多大学博尔德分校）；NASA-Goddard Space Flight Center（美国宇航局戈达德太空飞行中心）
Pushing JWST to the extremes: search and scrutiny of bright galaxy candidates at z$\simeq$15-30
INAF（意大利国家天体物理研究所）；Sapienza, Università di Roma（罗马第一大学）；Centro de Astrobiología (CAB), CSIC–INTA（西班牙国家航空航天技术研究所与西班牙高等科学研究中心联合天文生物学家中心）；University of Massachusetts（马萨诸塞大学）；NSF’s NOIRLab（美国国家科学基金会地下光学红外天文实验室）；The University of Texas at Austin（德克萨斯大学奥斯汀分校）；University of California, Los Angeles（加州大学洛杉矶分校）
Signatures of Exploding Supermassive PopIII Stars at High Redshift in JWST, EUCLID and Roman Space Telescope
Max Planck Institute for Gravitational Physics (Albert Einstein Institute)（马克斯·普朗克引力物理研究所（爱因斯坦研究所））；Institute for Cosmic Ray Research, The University of Tokyo（东京大学宇宙射线研究所）；Center for Gravitational Physics and Quantum Information, Yukawa Institute for Theoretical Physics, Kyoto University（京都大学汤川理论物理中心引力物理与量子信息研究中心）；Frontier Research Institute for Interdisciplinary Sciences, Tohoku University（东北大学前沿交叉科学研究所）；Astronomical Institute, Graduate School of Science, Tohoku University（东北大学理学研究科天文学系）
Stardust Galaxies at z>9: A Dust-Origin Transition Behind the Excess of UV-Bright Galaxies
Aix Marseille Université（艾克斯-马赛大学）；Waseda University（早稻田大学）；Nagoya University（名古屋大学）；the Institute of Statistical Mathematics（统计数学研究所）；David A. Dunlap Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of Toronto（多伦多大学戴维·A·邓普尔天文与天体物理系）；National Optical-Infrared Astronomy Research Laboratory（国家光学红外天文研究实验室）；University of Hertfordshire（赫特福德大学）；Cosmic Dawn Center (DAWN)（宇宙黎明中心）；Niels Bohr Institute, University of Copenhagen（哥本哈根大学尼尔斯·玻尔研究所）；Center for Computational Astrophysics, Flatiron Institute（平顿研究所计算天体物理学中心）
