6G通信中非理想无线PBFT与RAFT共识网络的性能分析与比较
Performance Analysis and Comparison of Non-ideal Wireless PBFT and RAFT Consensus Networks in 6G Communications
AI总结：
本文研究了非理想无线PBFT和RAFT共识网络在太赫兹与毫米波信号下的性能，考虑物理层信道衰落与路径损耗，通过五项指标评估并推导出共识机制的有效距离，为6G时代区块链共识网络的高频信号传输提供重要参考。
摘要：
由于在安全性和隐私方面的优势，区块链被视为支持6G通信的关键使能技术。实用拜占庭容错（PBFT）和RAFT被视为区块链赋能无线网络中最适用的共识机制（CMs）。然而，以往关于PBFT和RAFT的研究很少考虑物理层的信道性能，如路径损耗和信道衰落，导致研究结果与真实网络相去甚远。此外，6G通信将广泛部署太赫兹（THz）和毫米波（mmWave）等高频信号，而这些信号在无线PBFT或RAFT网络中传输时，PBFT和RAFT的性能仍属未知。因此，迫切需要研究采用THz和mmWave信号的非理想无线PBFT和RAFT网络的性能，以更好地使PBFT和RAFT在6G时代发挥作用。本文研究并比较了非理想无线PBFT和RAFT网络中THz和mmWave信号的性能，考虑了瑞利衰落（RF）和近距离自由空间（FS）参考距离路径损耗。性能通过五个指标进行评估：共识成功率、延迟、吞吐量、可靠性增益和能耗。同时，我们发现并推导出两节点之间存在一个能使共识机制必然成功的最大距离，并将其命名为共识机制的有效距离。研究结果分析了非理想无线PBFT和RAFT网络的性能，为未来PBFT和RAFT网络中THz和mmWave信号的传输提供了重要参考。
英文摘要：
Due to advantages in security and privacy, blockchain is considered a key enabling technology to support 6G communications. Practical Byzantine Fault Tolerance (PBFT) and RAFT are seen as the most applicable consensus mechanisms (CMs) in blockchain-enabled wireless networks. However, previous studies on PBFT and RAFT rarely consider the channel performance of the physical layer, such as path loss and channel fading, resulting in research results that are far from real networks. Additionally, 6G communications will widely deploy high-frequency signals such as terahertz (THz) and millimeter wave (mmWave), while performances of PBFT and RAFT are still unknown when these signals are transmitted in wireless PBFT or RAFT networks. Therefore, it is urgent to study the performance of non-ideal wireless PBFT and RAFT networks with THz and mmWave signals, to better make PBFT and RAFT play a role in the 6G era. In this paper, we study and compare the performance of THz and mmWave signals in non-ideal wireless PBFT and RAFT networks, considering Rayleigh Fading (RF) and close-in Free Space (FS) reference distance path loss. Performance is evaluated by five metrics: consensus success rate, latency, throughput, reliability gain, and energy consumption. Meanwhile, we find and derive that there is a maximum distance between two nodes that can make CMs inevitably successful, and it is named the active distance of CMs. The research results analyze the performance of non-ideal wireless PBFT and RAFT networks, and provide important references for the future transmission of THz and mmWave signals in PBFT and RAFT networks.
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