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arXiv 2304.04864astro-ph.GAastro-ph.IMastro-ph.SR
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恒星形成区的模拟观测:全局坍缩云的红外演化

Simulated observations of star formation regions: infrared evolution of globally collapsing clouds

Jesús M. Jáquez-Domínguez, Roberto Galván-Madrid, Jacopo Fritz, Manuel Zamora-Avilés, Peter Camps, Gustavo Bruzual, Maarten Baes, Yuxin Lin, Enrique Vázquez-Semadeni

AI总结:

本研究首次将SKIRT辐射传递代码应用于恒星形成云模拟,通过分析合成观测发现需引入星际辐射场,并揭示了冷尘埃导致质量低估的偏差,同时验证了红外流量校准SFR的有效性。

摘要:

为了改进流体动力学模拟中包含的物理过程并测试观测中的偏差,需要将流体动力学模拟与观测进行直接比较。后处理辐射传递和合成观测是目前实现这一目标的标准方法。我们报告了将SKIRT辐射传递代码首次应用于恒星形成云模拟的情况。随后,按照传统的观测工作流程对合成观测进行了分析。我们发现,在模拟的早期阶段,恒星辐射在将尘埃加热到银河系云中所观测到的温度方面效率低下,因此有必要加入星际辐射场。从恒星形成开始,经过约3 Myr的演化后,云的光谱能量分布很快稳定下来,但由于Hii区域的膨胀以及相应的空腔、细丝和山脊的形成,其形态继续演化了约8 Myr。使用1或2组分的修正黑体对合成的Herschel流量进行建模,会将总尘埃质量低估约2倍。空间分辨拟合可以恢复高达约70%的内禀值。这种“缺失的质量”位于温度低于10 K的极冷尘埃成分中,该成分对远红外流量的贡献微乎其微。如果此类尘埃大量存在,这种效应可能会使真实观测产生偏差。最后,我们测试了基于红外流量的SFR观测校准,并得出结论:当与模拟在约100 Myr内平均的内禀SFR进行比较时,两者是一致的。

英文摘要:

The direct comparison between hydrodynamical simulations and observations is needed to improve the physics included in the former and test biases in the latter. Post-processing radiative transfer and synthetic observations are now the standard way to do this. We report on the first application of the \texttt{SKIRT} radiative transfer code to simulations of a star-forming cloud. The synthetic observations are then analyzed following traditional observational workflows. We find that in the early stages of the simulation, stellar radiation is inefficient in heating dust to the temperatures observed in Galactic clouds, thus the addition of an interstellar radiation field is necessary. The spectral energy distribution of the cloud settles rather quickly after $\sim3$ Myr of evolution from the onset of star formation, but its morphology continues to evolve for $\sim8$ Myr due to the expansion of \textsc{Hii} regions and the respective creation of cavities, filaments, and ridges. Modeling synthetic \textit{Herschel} fluxes with 1- or 2-component modified black bodies underestimates total dust masses by a factor of $\sim2$. Spatially-resolved fitting recovers up to about $70\%$ of the intrinsic value. This ``missing mass'' is located in a very cold dust component with temperatures below $10$ K, which does not contribute appreciably to the far-infrared flux. This effect could bias real observations if such dust exists in large amounts. Finally, we tested observational calibrations of the SFR based on infrared fluxes and concluded that they are in agreement when compared to the intrinsic SFR of the simulation averaged over $\sim100$ Myr.

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