ALMA detection of CO rotational line emission in red supergiant stars of the massive young star cluster RSGC1 -- Determination of a new mass-loss rate prescription for red supergiants
Leen Decin, Anita M. S. Richards, Pablo Marchant, Hugues Sana
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26 pages, submitted to Astronomy & Astrophysics, minor revisions already implemented
[Abridged] Aim: We aim to derive a new mass-loss rate prescription for RSGs that is not afflicted with some uncertainties inherent in preceding studies. Methods: We have observed CO rotational line emission towards a sample of RSGs in the open cluster RSGC1 that all are of similar initial mass. The ALMA CO(2-1) line detections allow to retrieve the gas mass-loss rates (Mdot_CO). In contrast to mass-loss rates derived from the analysis of dust spectral features (Mdot_SED), the data allow a direct determination of the wind velocity and no uncertain dust-to-gas correction factor is needed. Results: Five RSGs in RSGC1 have been detected in CO(2-1). The retrieved Mdot_CO values are systematically lower than Mdot_SED. Although only five RSGs in RSGC1 have been detected, the data allow to propose a new mass-loss rate relation for M-type red supergiants that is dependent on luminosity and initial mass. The new mass-loss rate relation is based on the new Mdot_CO values for the RSGs in RSGC1 and on prior Mdot_SED values for RSGs in 4 clusters, including RSGC1. The new Mdot-prescription yields a good prediction for the mass-loss rate of some well-known Galactic RSGs that are observed in multiple CO rotational lines, including alpha Ori, mu Cep and VX Sgr. However, there are indications that a stronger, potentially eruptive, mass-loss process - different than captured by our new mass-loss rate prescription - is occurring during some fraction of the RSG lifetime. Implementing a lower mass-loss rate in evolution codes for massive stars has important consequences for the nature of their end-state. A reduction of the RSG mass-loss rate implies that quiescent RSG mass loss is not enough to strip a single star's hydrogen-rich envelope. Upon core-collapse such single stars would explode as RSG.
Yellow supergiants as supernova progenitors: an indication of strong mass loss for red supergiants?
观测到的超新星事件越来越多,这使得在存档图像中更频繁地发现祖星成为可能。在少数情况下,祖先恒星是黄超巨星。这些恒星在赫罗图中的估计位置与经典单星模型的理论轨道不相容。根据几位作者的说法,红超巨星阶段的质量损失率可能被低估了。我们研究了这些质量损失率的增加对12至15 M \odot恒星在其核生命结束时的位置的影响,以调和理论轨道与观察到的黄超巨星祖先。我们使用Geneva恒星演化程序对12 ~ 15 M \odot旋转恒星模型进行了计算。为了说明在RSG阶段的质量损失率的不确定性,我们增加了质量损失率的恒星(3和10倍之间的标准)在该阶段和比较恒星的演化经历这样高的质量损失率与模型计算的标准质量损失处方。我们表明,在赫兹-罗素图的模型的最终位置取决于他们在红超巨星阶段经历的质量损失。随着质量损失率的增加,我们发现一些模型在与观察到的几个超新星祖先的位置相一致的位置结束了它们的核生命。我们的结论是,增加的质量损失率(其中的物理机制仍需要澄清)允许单星模型,以再现同时估计的位置在HRD的YSG SN祖,以及SN类型。
Constraints on the Metallicity-dependent Explodability of Massive Stars from Galactic Chemical Evolution: Toward Alleviating the Red Supergiant Problem
Kyoto University(京都大学);The University of Tokyo(东京大学)
Discovery of sulfur oxides in the ejecta of a B[e] supergiant
INAF – Osservatorio Astrofisico di Catania(意大利国家天体物理研究所卡塔尼亚天文台);Instituto de Astrofísica de Andalucía (IAA-CSIC)(安达卢西亚天体物理学研究所(西班牙高等科学研究理事会));ISDEFE(空间系统与地球观测技术研究所);Centro de Astrobiología, CSIC-INTA(天体生物学中心(西班牙高等科学研究理事会-国家航空航天技术研究所));Joint ALMA Observatory(ALMA联合 observatory)
The past and future evolution of a star like Betelgeuse
我们讨论了一个典型的大质量恒星的物理和演化通过一个类似的参宿四的演化阶段。在简要介绍参宿四的各种观测参数后,我们讨论了前主序星相(PMS)、主序星相(MS)、HR图第一次穿越时间的物理机制、红超巨星相(RSG)、后红超巨星相以及质量在9 ~ 25 M $_\odot$之间的太阳金属丰度恒星的最终命运。我们研究的影响,不同的初始旋转和各种处方的质量损失率在红超巨星阶段。我们证明,无论初始旋转速率如何(在0和0.7 $\times\upsilon_{\rm crit}$之间选择,$\upsilon_{\rm crit}$是表面赤道速度,产生正好平衡重力的离心加速度)和RSG阶段的质量损失率(在标准值和25倍该值之间变化),15 M $_\odot$恒星总是以RSG结束其生命,并以II-P或II-L型超新星爆炸。
ALMA high resolution observations of Betelgeuse: Persistent structure spanning the inner atmosphere
ESO/ALMA(欧洲南方天文台/阿塔卡马大型毫米波/亚毫米波阵列);Jodrell Bank Centre for Astrophysics, University of Manchester(曼彻斯特大学乔德雷尔银行天体物理学中心);Center for Astrophysics and Space Astronomy, University of Colorado(科罗拉多大学天体物理学与空间天文中心);Massachusetts Institute of Technology Haystack Observatory(麻省理工学院海斯塔克天文台);Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies(都柏林高等研究院)
Detection of single-degenerate massive binaries with Gaia: The impact of blue supergiants, triples, mass precision, and high-precision parallax requirements
The Stellar Winds Atlas II: Black Hole Formation at Solar Metallicity
Universität Heidelberg, Zentrum für Astronomie (ZAH), Institut für Theoretische Astrophysik(海德堡大学天文学中心理论天体物理研究所);Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia Galileo Galilei, Università di Padova(帕多瓦大学伽利略·伽利莱物理与天文系);Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of California, San Diego(加州大学圣地亚哥分校天文与天体物理系);Nicolaus Copernicus Astronomical Center, Polish Academy of Sciences(波兰科学院尼古拉·哥白尼天文中心);Astronomický ústav, Akademie věd Ceské republiky(捷克科学院天文研究所);Institute of Astronomy, KU Leuven(鲁汶大学天体物理研究所);Institute of Astronomy, University of Cambridge(剑桥大学天体物理研究所);Universität Heidelberg, Interdiszipliäres Zentrum für Wissenschaftliches Rechnen(海德堡大学跨学科科学计算中心);INFN, Sezione di Padova(意大利国家核物理研究所帕多瓦分部);International Hellenic University(国际希腊大学);IAASARS, National Observatory of Athens(雅典国立天文台应用天体物理系统分析与服务研究所);National and Kapodistrian University of Athens(雅典国立卡波季斯特里安大学)
The Stellar Winds Atlas I: Current uncertainties in mass-loss rates
Universität Heidelberg, Zentrum für Astronomie (ZAH), Institut für Theoretische Astrophysik(海德堡大学天体物理中心);Dipartimento di Fisica e Astronomia Galileo Galilei, Università di Padova(帕多瓦大学伽利略伽利莱物理与天文系);Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of California, San Diego(加州大学圣地亚哥分校天文与天体物理系);Nicolaus Copernicus Astronomical Center, Polish Academy of Sciences(波兰科学院尼古拉·哥白尼天文台);IAASARS, National Observatory of Athens(雅典国家天文台应用天体物理学研究所);National and Kapodistrian University of Athens(雅典国立卡波迪斯特里阿斯大学);Astronomický ústav, Akademie věd Ceské republiky(捷克科学院天文研究所)
X-Shooting ULLYSES: Massive stars at low metallicity XIV. Properties of SMC late-O and B supergiants reveal the metallicity dependence of winds in the Magellanic Clouds
University of Sheffield(谢菲尔德大学);KU Leuven(荷语鲁汶大学);Armagh Observatory and Planetarium(阿马赫天文台和天文馆);Zentrum für Astronomie der Universität Heidelberg, Astronomisches Rechen-Institut(海德堡大学天文学中心,天文计算研究所)
The IACOB project XIX. Revisiting massive-star evolution with empirical TAMS constraints: updated models, overshoot calibration, and the population of blue supergiants
University of Geneva(日内瓦大学);European Southern Observatory(欧洲南方天文台);Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias(加那利群岛天体物理研究所);Universidad de La Laguna(拉古纳大学)
New Spatially Resolved Observations of Betelgeuse from the VLA and ALMA: Evidence for Atmospheric Perturbations from a Close Companion
Massachusetts Institute of Technology Haystack Observatory(麻省理工学院海斯塔克天文台);Jodrell Bank Centre for Astrophysics, School of Physics and Astronomy, University of Manchester(曼彻斯特大学物理与天文学学院乔德雷尔银行天体物理中心);European Southern Observatory/Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array(欧洲南方天文台/阿塔卡马大型毫米波/亚毫米波阵列)
The transport of angular momentum for massive stars I. Formation of slowly rotating WNE stars
Yunnan Observatories, Chinese Academy of Sciences(中国科学院云南天文台);University of Chinese Academy of Sciences(中国科学院大学);Key Laboratory for Structure and Evolution of Celestial Objects, Chinese Academy of Sciences(中国科学院天体结构与演化重点实验室);International Centre of Supernovae, Yunnan Key Laboratory(国际超新星中心云南省重点实验室);Center for Astronomical Mega-Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences(中国科学院天文大科学研究中心)