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arXiv 2303.09385astro-ph.SR
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ALMA对大质量年轻星团RSGC1中红超巨星CO转动谱线发射的探测——红超巨星新质量损失率公式的确定

ALMA detection of CO rotational line emission in red supergiant stars of the massive young star cluster RSGC1 -- Determination of a new mass-loss rate prescription for red supergiants

Leen Decin, Anita M. S. Richards, Pablo Marchant, Hugues Sana

AI总结:

本研究利用ALMA观测RSGC1星团中红超巨星的CO(2-1)谱线,直接测定了气体质量损失率,提出了一种依赖于光度和初始质量的新质量损失率公式,并发现平静的质量损失不足以剥离单星的富氢包层。

摘要:

目的:我们旨在推导出一种新的RSGs质量损失率公式,使其不受以往研究中固有的某些不确定性的影响。方法:我们观测了疏散星团RSGC1中一组初始质量相似的RSGs样本的CO转动谱线发射。ALMA的CO(2-1)谱线探测使我们能够获取气体质量损失率(Mdot_CO)。与通过分析尘埃光谱特征得出的质量损失率(Mdot_SED)不同,这些数据允许直接测定星风速度,且不需要不确定的尘埃-气体校正因子。结果:在RSGC1中探测到了5颗RSGs的CO(2-1)发射。获取的Mdot_CO值系统性低于Mdot_SED。尽管在RSGC1中仅探测到5颗RSGs,这些数据仍允许我们为M型红超巨星提出一种依赖于光度和初始质量的新质量损失率关系式。该新关系式基于RSGC1中RSGs的新Mdot_CO值以及包括RSGC1在内的4个星团中RSGs的先前Mdot_SED值。新的Mdot公式对一些在多条CO转动谱线中被观测到的著名银河系RSGs(包括alpha Ori、mu Cep和VX Sgr)的质量损失率给出了良好预测。然而,有迹象表明,在RSG生命周期的一部分时间里,正在发生一种更强烈的、可能是爆发性的质量损失过程,这与我们新质量损失率公式所描述的不同。在大质量恒星演化代码中实施较低的质量损失率对其终结状态的性质具有重要影响。RSG质量损失率的降低意味着平静的RSG质量损失不足以剥离单星的富氢包层。发生核坍缩时,此类单星将以RSG的形式爆发。

英文摘要:

[Abridged] Aim: We aim to derive a new mass-loss rate prescription for RSGs that is not afflicted with some uncertainties inherent in preceding studies. Methods: We have observed CO rotational line emission towards a sample of RSGs in the open cluster RSGC1 that all are of similar initial mass. The ALMA CO(2-1) line detections allow to retrieve the gas mass-loss rates (Mdot_CO). In contrast to mass-loss rates derived from the analysis of dust spectral features (Mdot_SED), the data allow a direct determination of the wind velocity and no uncertain dust-to-gas correction factor is needed. Results: Five RSGs in RSGC1 have been detected in CO(2-1). The retrieved Mdot_CO values are systematically lower than Mdot_SED. Although only five RSGs in RSGC1 have been detected, the data allow to propose a new mass-loss rate relation for M-type red supergiants that is dependent on luminosity and initial mass. The new mass-loss rate relation is based on the new Mdot_CO values for the RSGs in RSGC1 and on prior Mdot_SED values for RSGs in 4 clusters, including RSGC1. The new Mdot-prescription yields a good prediction for the mass-loss rate of some well-known Galactic RSGs that are observed in multiple CO rotational lines, including alpha Ori, mu Cep and VX Sgr. However, there are indications that a stronger, potentially eruptive, mass-loss process - different than captured by our new mass-loss rate prescription - is occurring during some fraction of the RSG lifetime. Implementing a lower mass-loss rate in evolution codes for massive stars has important consequences for the nature of their end-state. A reduction of the RSG mass-loss rate implies that quiescent RSG mass loss is not enough to strip a single star's hydrogen-rich envelope. Upon core-collapse such single stars would explode as RSG.

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