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arXiv 2303.04834astro-ph.SR
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前主序星角动量的测量:慢速与快速自转星的早期演化及自旋减速力矩机制的实证约束

Measurement of the angular momenta of pre-main-sequence stars: early evolution of slow and fast rotators and empirical constraints on spin-down torque mechanisms

Marina Kounkel, Keivan G. Stassun, Lynne A. Hillenbrand, Jesús Hernández, Javier Serna, Jason Lee Curtis

AI总结:

本文利用 TESS 数据研究 Orion Complex 年轻恒星的角动量演化,首次定量测量了角动量及其时间导数随质量和年龄的变化,发现其关系比自转周期更简单单调,并提供了 1 至 10 Myr 期间恒星自旋减速力矩的实证基准。

摘要:

我们使用 TESS 全帧成像数据研究了 Orion Complex 中年轻恒星的角动量演化。我们证实了最近的发现,即自转周期快于 2 d 的恒星绝大多数是双星,其典型间距为几十 AU;此类双星会迅速清除其星周盘,导致快速自转星倾向于无盘状态。在(名义上的单星)自转周期慢于 2 d 的恒星中,我们观察到了熟悉的、用于年龄测定的马蹄形关系(自转周期与 $T_{\rm eff}$ 的关系),这表明在 Gyr 时间尺度上支配恒星自转普遍演化的过程,在最初的几 Myr 内就已经到位了。利用光谱 $v\sin i$,我们确定了 $\sin i$ 的分布,揭示出最年轻的恒星倾向于更接近极向(pole-on)的朝向,这可能是导致在恒星形成区观测到的恒星质量与年龄之间存在系统性偏差的原因。我们还首次能够对角动量及其时间导数作为恒星质量和年龄的函数进行实证定量测量,发现这些关系比仅涉及自转周期的复杂关系要简单和单调得多;显然,自转周期与 $T_{\rm eff}$ 之间的关系在很大程度上反映了依赖于质量的恒星结构,而不是角动量本身。我们的测量表明,恒星在约 1 Myr 时经历约 $10^{37}$ erg 的自旋减速力矩,在约 10 Myr 时降至约 $10^{35}$ erg,这为年轻恒星角动量损失的理论机制提供了关键的实证基准。

英文摘要:

We use TESS full-frame imaging data to investigate the angular momentum evolution of young stars in Orion Complex. We confirm recent findings that stars with rotation periods faster than 2 d are overwhelmingly binaries, with typical separations of tens of AU; such binaries quickly clear their disks, leading to a tendency for rapid rotators to be diskless. Among (nominally single) stars with rotation periods slower than 2 d, we observe the familiar, gyrochronological horseshoe-shaped relationship of rotation period versus $T_{\rm eff}$, indicating that the processes which govern the universal evolution of stellar rotation on Gyr timescales are already in place within the first few Myr. Using spectroscopic $v\sin i$ we determine the distribution of $\sin i$, revealing that the youngest stars are biased toward more pole-on orientations, which may be responsible for the systematics between stellar mass and age observed in star-forming regions. We are also able for the first time to make empirical, quantitative measurements of angular momenta and their time derivative as functions of stellar mass and age, finding these relationships to be much simpler and monotonic as compared to the complex relationships involving rotation period alone; evidently, the relationship between rotation period and $T_{\rm eff}$ is largely a reflection of mass-dependent stellar structure and not of angular momentum per se. Our measurements show that the stars experience spin-down torques in the range ~$10^{37}$ erg at ~1 Myr to ~$10^{35}$ erg at ~10 Myr, which provide a crucial empirical touchstone for theoretical mechanisms of angular momentum loss in young stars.

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