Characterization of Charge Spreading and Gain of Encapsulated Resistive Micromegas Detectors for the Upgrade of the T2K Near Detector Time Projection Chambers
D. Attie, O. Ballester, M. Batkiewicz-Kwasnia, P. Billoir, A. Blondel, S. Bolognesi, R. Boullon, D. Calvet, M. P. Casado, M. G. Catanesi, M. Cicerchia, G. Cogo,… 展开作者
D. Attie, O. Ballester, M. Batkiewicz-Kwasnia, P. Billoir, A. Blondel, S. Bolognesi, R. Boullon, D. Calvet, M. P. Casado, M. G. Catanesi, M. Cicerchia, G. Cogo, P. Colas, G. Collazuol, D. D Ago, C. Dalmazzon, T. Daret, A. Delbart, A. De Lorenzis, R. de Oliveira, S. Dolan, K. Dygnarowiczi, J. Dumarchez, S. Emery-Schren, A. Ershova, G. Eurin, M. Feltre, C. Forza, L. Giannessi, C. Giganti, F. Gramegna, M. Grassi, M. Guigue, P. Hamacher-Baumann, S. Hassani, D. Henaf, F. Iacob, C. Jesus-Valls, S. Joshi, R. Kurjatai, M. Lamoureux, A. Langella, J. F. Laporte, K. Lachner, L. Lavitola, M. Lehuraux, S. Levorato, A. Longhin, T. Lux, L. Magaletti, T. Marchi, M. Mattiazzi, M. Mehl, L. Mellet, M. Mezzetto, L. Munteanu, W. Obrebskii, Y. Orain, M. Pari, J. -M. Parrau, C. Pastore, A. Pepato, E. Pierre, C. Pio Garcia, O. Pizzirusso, B. Popov, J. Porthault, H. Przybiliski, F. Pupilli, T. Radermacher, E. Radicioni, C. Riccio, L. Rinaldio, F. Rossi, S. Roth, S. Russo, A. Rychteri, Ph. Schune, L. Scomparin, D. Smyczek, J. Steinmann, J. Swierblewski, A. Teixeira, D. Terront, N. Thamm, F. Toussenel, V. Valentino, M. Varghese, G. Vasseur, E. Villa, U. Virginet, C. Vuillemin, U. Yevarouskaya, M. Ziembickii, M. Zito
An upgrade of the near detector of the T2K long baseline neutrino oscillation experiment is currently being conducted. This upgrade will include two new Time Projection Chambers, each equipped with 16 charge readout resistive Micromegas modules. A procedure to validate the performance of the detectors at different stages of production has been developed and implemented to ensure a proper and reliable operation of the detectors once installed. A dedicated X-ray test bench is used to characterize the detectors by scanning each pad individually and to precisely measure the uniformity of the gain and the deposited energy resolution over the pad plane. An energy resolution of about 10% is obtained. A detailed physical model has been developed to describe the charge dispersion phenomena in the resistive Micromegas anode. The detailed physical description includes initial ionization, electron drift, diffusion effects and the readout electronics effects. The model provides an excellent characterization of the charge spreading of the experimental measurements and allowed the simultaneous extraction of gain and RC information of the modules.
The Muon ATLAS Micromegas Activity (MAMMA) focuses on the development and testing of large-area muon detectors based on the bulk-Micromegas technology. These detectors are candidates for the upgrade of the ATLAS Muon System in view of the luminosity upgrade of Large Hadron Collider at CERN (sLHC). They will combine trigger and precision measurement capability in a single device. A novel protection scheme using resistive strips above the readout electrode has been developed. The response and sparking properties of resistive Micromegas detectors were successfully tested in a mixed (neutron and g…
We have developped a model to simulate the behavior of a resistive micromegas (MICROMEsh GAseous Structure) detector to a discharge using an electronic software (Virtuoso).
Micromegas technology is a promising candidate to replace Atlas forward muon chambers -tracking and trigger- for future HL-LHC upgrade of the experiment. The increase on background and pile-up event probability requires detector performances which are currently under studies in intensive RD activities. We studied performances of four different resistive Micromegas detectors with different read-out strip pitches. These chambers were tested using \sim120 GeV momentum pions, at H6 CERN-SPS beam line in autumn 2010. For a strip pitch 500 micrometers we measure a resolution of \sim90 micrometers an…
The Muon ATLAS MicroMegas Activity (MAMMA) focuses on the development and testing of large-area muon detectors based on the bulk-Micromegas technology. These detectors are candidates for the upgrade of the ATLAS Muon System in view of the luminosity upgrade of Large Hadron Collider at CERN (sLHC). They will combine trigger and precision measurement capability in a single device. A novel protection scheme using resistive strips above the readout electrode has been developed. The response and sparking properties of resistive Micromegas detectors were successfully tested in a mixed (neutron and g…
We present the first results from tests of a MICROMEGAS detector manufactured using the so-called "bulk" technology and having a resistive cathode mesh instead of the conventional metallic one. This detector operates as usual MICROMEGAS, but in the case of sparks, which may appear at high gas gains, the resistive mesh reduces their current and makes the sparks harmless. This approach could be complementary to the ongoing efforts of various groups to develop spark-protected MICROMEGAS with resistive anode planes.
With the tenfold luminosity increase envisaged at the HL-LHC, the background (photons, neutrons, ...) and the event pile-up probability are expected to increase in proportion in the different experiments, especially in the forward regions like, for instance, the muons chambers of the ATLAS detector. Detectors based on the Micromegas principle should be good alternatives for the detector upgrade in the HL-LHC framework because of a good spatial (<100 \mum) and time (few ns) resolutions, high-rate capability, radiation hardness, good robustness and the possibility to build large areas. The aim o…
The second phase of the T2K experiment is expected to start data taking in autumn 2022. An upgrade of the Near Detector (ND280) is under development and includes the construction of two new Time Projection Chambers called High-Angle TPC (HA-TPC). The two endplates of these TPCs will be paved with eight Micromegas type charge readout modules. The Micromegas detector charge amplification structure uses a resistive anode to spread the charges over several pads to improve the space point resolution. This innovative technique is combined with the bulk-Micromegas technology to compose the "Encapsula…
Resistive-anode Micromegas detectors are in development since several years, in an effort to solve the problem of sparks when working in high flux and high radiations environment like in the HL-LHC (ten times the luminosity of the LHC). They have been chosen as one of the technologies that will be part of the ATLAS New Small Wheel project (forward muon system). An ageing study is mandatory to assess their capabilities to handle the HL-LHC environment on a long-term period. A prototype has been exposed to several types of irradiations (X-rays, cold neutrons, 60 Co gammas) up to an equivalent HL…
A novel read-out architecture has been developed for the Micromegas detector. The anode element is made of a resistive layer on a ceramic substrate. The detector part is entirely separated from the read-out element. Without significant loss, signals are transmitted by capacitive coupling to the read-out pads. The detector provides high gas gain, good energy resolution and the resistive layer assures spark protection to the electronics. This assembly could be combined with modern pixel array electronic ASICs. This readout organization is free on how the pixels are designed, arranged and connect…
In recent years, micropattern gaseous detectors, which comprise a two-dimensional readout structure within one PCB layer, received significant attention in the development of precision and cost-effective tracking detectors in medium and high energy physics experiments. In this article, we present for the first time a systematic performance study of the signal characteristics of a resistive strip micromegas detector with a two-dimensional readout, based on test-beam and X-ray measurements. In particular, comparisons of the response of the two independent readout-layers regarding their signal sh…
T2K is a long baseline neutrino experiment that has been operating since 2009 providing some of the world-wide leading measurements for neutrino oscillation parameters. An upgrade for the Near Detector, ND280, of T2K has been proposed. It includes the installation of two new Time Projection Chambers (TPC) based on a new read-out technology: the resistive anode MicroMegas (RMM). This technology is expected to reduce the number of electronic channels while maintaining or improving the current ND280 TPCs' bulk MicroMegas perfomance. A series of tests have been performed and further studies are on…
Resistive-anode micromegas detectors are in development since several years, in an effort to solve the problem of sparks when working at high flux and high ionizing radiation like in the HL-LHC (up to ten times the luminosity of the LHC). They have been chosen as one of the technologies that will be part of the ATLAS New Small Wheel project (forward muon system). An ageing study is mandatory to assess their capabilities to handle the HL-LHC environment on a long-term period. A prototype has been exposed to several types of irradiation (X-rays, cold neutrons, $^{60}$Co gammas and alphas) above …
We present the performance of multiplexed XY resistive Micromegas detectors tested in the CERN SPS 100 GeV/c electron beam at intensities up to 3.3 $\times$ 10$^5$ e$^- $/(s$\cdot$cm$^2$). So far, all studies with multiplexed Micromegas have only been reported for tests with radioactive sources and cosmic rays. The use of multiplexed modules in high intensity environments was not explored due to the effect of ambiguities in the reconstruction of the hit point caused by the multiplexing feature. At the beam intensities analysed in this work and with a multiplexing factor of 5, more than 50% lev…
An upgrade of the Near Detector of the T2K long baseline neutrino oscillation experiment, ND280, has been proposed. This upgrade will include two new Time Projection Chambers, each equipped with 16 resistive MicroMegas modules for gas amplification. A first prototype of resistive MicroMegas has been designed, built, installed in the HARP field cage, and exposed to a beam of charged particles at CERN. The data have been used to characterize the performances of the resistive MicroMegas module. A spatial resolution of 300 $μm$ and a deposited energy resolution of 9% were observed for horizontal e…
Piggyback Micromegas consists in a novel readout architecture where the anode element is made of a resistive layer on a ceramic substrate. The resistive layer is deposited on the thin ceramic substrate by an industrial process which provides large dynamic range of resistivity (10$^6$ to 10$^{10}$\,M$Ω$/square). The particularity of this new structure is that the active part is entirely dissociated from the read-out element. This gives a large flexibility on the design of the anode structure and the readout scheme. Without significant loss, signals are transmitted by capacitive coupling to the …
New Micromegas (Micro-mesh gaseous detectors) are being developed in view of the future physics projects planned by the COMPASS collaboration at CERN. Several major upgrades compared to present detectors are being studied: detectors standing five times higher luminosity with hadron beams, detection of beam particles (flux up to a few hundred of kHz/mm^{2}, 10 times larger than for the present Micromegas detectors) with pixelized read-out in the central part, light and integrated electronics, and improved robustness. Two solutions of reduction of discharge impact have been studied, with Microme…
The micromegas technology is a promising candidate to replace the forward muon chambers for the luminosity upgrade of ATLAS. The LHC accelerator luminosity will be five times the nominal one, increasing background and pile-up event probability. This requires detector performances which are currently under study in intensive R&D activities. Aging is one of the key issues for a high-luminosity LHC application. For this reason, we study the properties of resistive micromegas detectors under intense X-ray radiation and under thermal neutrons in different CEA-Saclay facilities. This study is comple…
We describe here various detectors designs: GEM type, MICROMEGAStype, PPACtype as well as cascaded detectors made of a resistive mesh manufactured from a resistive Kapton foil, (20 microns thick, resistivity a few MOhm per square) by a laser drilling technique. As in any other micropattern detectors the maximum achievable gas gain of these detectors is restricted by the Raether limit, however, the resistive mesh makes them and the front end electronics fully spark protected. This approach could be an alternative or complimentary to the ongoing efforts in developing MICROMEGAS and GEMs with res…
Performance Optimization and Characterization of 7-pad Resistive PICOSEC Micromegas Detectors
Aristotle University of Thessaloniki（塞萨洛尼基亚里士多德大学）；Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich（慕尼黑路德维希-马克西米利安大学）；CERN（欧洲核子研究中心）；Stony Brook University（石溪大学）；NCSR Demokritos（德墨忒尔国家科学研究中心）；University of Bonn（波恩大学）；Laboratório de Instrumentação e Física Experimental de Partículas (LIP)（粒子物理实验与仪器实验室）；University of Helsinki（赫尔辛基大学）；Jefferson Lab（杰弗逊实验室）；University of Zagreb（萨格勒布大学）；University of Science and Technology of China（中国科学技术大学）；CEA-List, Diamond Sensors Laboratory, CEA-Saclay（CEA-列表，钻石传感器实验室，CEA-萨克雷）；National Technical University of Athens（雅典国立技术大学）；Ruđer Bošković Institute（鲁德·博什科维奇研究所）；University of Virginia（弗吉尼亚大学）
Design and Performance of a 96-channel Resistive PICOSEC Micromegas Detector for ENUBET
Aristotle University of Thessaloniki（塞萨洛尼基亚里士多德大学）；Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich（慕尼黑路德维希-马克西米利安大学）；CERN（欧洲核子研究组织）；Stony Brook University（石溪大学）；NCSR Demokritos（德墨忒勒斯国家科学研究中心）；University of Bonn（波恩大学）；LIP（粒子物理与实验仪器实验室）；University of Helsinki（赫尔辛基大学）；Jefferson Lab（杰斐逊实验室）；University of Zagreb（萨格勒布大学）；University of Science and Technology of China（中国科学技术大学）；CEA-Saclay（法国原子能和替代能源委员会萨克雷中心）；National Technical University of Athens（雅典国立技术大学）；Ruđer Bošković Institute（鲁德·博什科维奇研究所）；University of Virginia（弗吉尼亚大学）
The Micromegas technology is one of the most successful MPGD concepts and widely utilized in nuclear and particle physics experiments. Twenty years of research and development rendered the technology sufficiently mature to be selected as precision tracking detector for the New Small Wheel (NSW) upgrade of the ATLAS Muon spectrometer. This will be the first large scale application of Micromegas in one of the major LHC experiments. The studies on signal formation in Micromegas focuses on the microscopic signal electron loss mechanisms and the amplification processes in electron gas interaction. …
We report on the construction and initial performance studies of two micromegas detector quadruplets with an area of 0.5 m$^2$. They serve as prototypes for the planned upgrade project of the ATLAS muon system. Their design is based on the resistive-strip technology and thus renders the detectors spark tolerant. Each quadruplet comprises four detection layers with 1024 readout strips and a strip pitch of 415 $μ$m. In two out of the four layers the strips are inclined by $\pm$1.5$^{\circ}$ to allow for the measurement of a second coordinate. We present the detector concept and report on the exp…
The Micro-Pattern Gaseous Detectors (MPGD) have been widely adopted in nuclear and particle physics experiments, for their fast response and other excellent characteristics. To achieve the required signal strength and detection efficiency, sometimes they are operated at a high voltage range. This often challenges the limit of high voltage stability of the detector. Discharge in gaseous detectors is a complex process and involves several responsible factors. The microscopic geometrical structures of the MPGDs may itself sometimes induce discharges. In this study, we are numerically investigatin…
Digital and Semi-Digital Hadronic Calorimeters (S)DHCAL were suggested for future Colliders as part of the particle-flow concept. Though studied mostly with RPC-based techniques, investigations have shown that MPGD-based sampling elements could outperform. An attractive, industry-produced, robust, particle-tracking detector for large-area coverage, e.g. in (S)DHCAL, could be the novel single-stage Resistive Plate WELL (RPWELL). It is a single-sided THGEM coupled to the segmented readout electrode through a sheet of large bulk resistivity. We summarize here the preliminary test-beam results obt…
Full Characterization of a Mock Nuclear Waste Barrel with Muon Tomography using Micromegas Detectors
CEA/Irfu, Université Paris-Saclay（法国原子能委员会/核研究与物理技术研究所，巴黎萨克雷大学）；Centro de Astropartículas y Física de Altas Energías (CAPA), Universidad de Zaragoza（高能天体粒子中心，萨拉戈萨大学）
We developed a tool for the simulation of charge transport on a conducting plate of finite dimensions. This tool is named Chani. Main motivation of developing Chani was to provide a tool for the optimization of the dimensions and resistivity of the anode electrodes in spark-protected Micropattern Gaseous Detectors (MPGD). In this thesis, we start with the general description of the LHC and the ATLAS Experiment. Then, we review the gaseous ionization detector technologies and in particular, the micromegas technology. We then present the working principles of Chani along with the example calcula…
In this report we discuss static and time dependent electric fields in detector geometries with an arbitrary number of parallel layers of a given permittivity and weak conductivity. We derive the Green's functions i.e. the field of a point charge, as well as the weighting fields for readout pads and readout strips in these geometries. The effect of 'bulk' resistivity on electric fields and signals is investigated. The spreading of charge on thin resistive layers is also discussed in detail, and the conditions for allowing the effect to be described by the diffusion equation is discussed. We ap…
Micro-pattern gas detectors, such as the Gas Electron Multiplier (GEM) and the Micromegas need narrow high density anode readout elements to achieve good spatial resolution. A high-density anode readout would require an unmanageable number of electronics channels for certain potential micro-detector applications such as the Time Projection Chamber. We describe below a new technique to achieve good spatial resolution without increasing the electronics channel count in a modified micro-detector outfitted with a high surface resistivity anode readout structure. The concept and preliminary measure…
We describe the most recent efforts made by various groups in implementing resistive electrodes in micropattern gaseous detectors with the aim to combine in the same design the best features of RPCs (for the example, their robustness and spark protection property) with the high granularity and thus the good position resolution offered by microelectronic technology. In the stream of this activity, we have recently developed two novel detectors with resistive electrodes: one was based on resistive micromeshes and the second one is a MSGC with resistive electrodes. We have demonstrated that the r…
In the last few years our group have focused on developing various designs of spark-protected micropattern gaseous detectors featuring resistive electrodes instead of the traditional metallic ones: resistive microstrip counters, resistive GEM, resistive MICROMEGAS. These detectors combine in one design the best features of RPCs (spark-protection) and micropattern detectors (a high position resolution). In this paper we report the progress so far made in developing other types of resistive micropattern detectors: a microdot-microhole detector and a microgap-microstrip detector. The former detec…
μRWELL-PICOSEC: Precision Timing with Resistive Micro-Well Detector
Thomas Jefferson National Accelerator Facility（托马斯·杰斐逊国家加速器设施）；IRFU, CEA, Université Paris-Saclay（IRFU, 法国原子能和替代能源委员会, 巴黎萨克雷大学）；Department of Physics, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki（塞萨洛尼基亚里士多德大学物理系）；Center for Interdisciplinary Research and Innovation (CIRI-AUTH)（跨学科研究与创新中心）；Department for Medical Physics, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich（慕尼黑路德维希-马克西米利安大学医学物理系）；European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN)（欧洲核子研究组织）；Dipartimento di Fisica, Università di Pavia（帕维亚大学物理系）；INFN Sezione di Pavia（意大利国家核物理研究所帕维亚分部）；Department of Physics and Astronomy, Stony Brook University（石溪大学物理与天文学系）；Institute of Nuclear and Particle Physics, NCSR Demokritos（国家科学研究中心德谟克利特研究所核与粒子物理研究所）
Advances in photocathode development for PICOSEC Micromegas precise-timing detectors
European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN)（欧洲核子研究组织）；University of Turin（都灵大学）；Middle East Technical University（中东技术大学）；Technion - Israel Institute of Technology（以色列理工学院）；IRFU, CEA, Université Paris-Saclay（巴黎萨克雷大学CEA IRFU）；Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich（慕尼黑路德维希-马克西米利安大学）；Weizmann Institute of Science（魏茨曼科学研究所）；Università di Pavia（帕维亚大学）；INFN Sezione di Pavia（意大利国家核物理研究院帕维亚分部）；Stony Brook University（石溪大学）
The architecture of the novel MPGD-based photon detectors of COMPASS RICH-1 consists in a large-size hybrid MPGD multilayer layout combining two layers of Thick-GEMs and a bulk resistive MICROMEGAS. Concerning biasing voltage, the Thick-GEMs are segmented in order to reduce the energy released in case of occasional discharges, while the MICROMEGAS anode is segmented in pads individually biased at positive voltage, while the micromesh is grounded. In total, there are ten different electrode types and more than 20000 electrodes supplied by more than 100 HV channels. Commercial power supply units…
The PICOSEC detection concept consists in a "two-stage" Micromegas detector coupled to a Cherenkov radiator and equipped with a photocathode. A proof of concept has already been tested: a single-photoelectron response of 76 ps has been measured with a femtosecond UV laser at CEA/IRAMIS, while a time resolution of 24 ps with a mean yield of 10.4 photoelectrons has been measured for 150 GeV muons at the CERN SPS H4 secondary line. This work will present the main results of this prototype and the performance of the different detector configurations tested in 2016-18 beam campaigns: readouts (bulk…
Large Resistive Plate Chamber systems have their roots in High Energy Physics experiments at the European Organization for Nuclear Research: ATLAS, CMS and ALICE, where hundreds of square meters of both trigger and timing RPCs have been deployed. These devices operate with complex gas systems, equipped with re-circulation and purification units, which require a fresh gas supply of the order of 6 cm$^{3}$/min/m$^{2}$, creating logistical, technical and financial problems. In this communication, we present a new concept in the construction of RPCs which allowed us to operate a detector at ultra-…
