DeepLens: Interactive Out-of-distribution Data Detection in NLP Models
University of Alberta（阿尔伯塔大学）；The University of Tokyo（东京大学）；Purdue University（普渡大学）
Da Song, Zhijie Wang, Yuheng Huang, Lei Ma, Tianyi Zhang
备注：
The first two authors contributed equally. To appear in the 2023 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (CHI '23), April 23--28, 2023, Hamburg, Germany
Machine Learning (ML) has been widely used in Natural Language Processing (NLP) applications. A fundamental assumption in ML is that training data and real-world data should follow a similar distribution. However, a deployed ML model may suffer from out-of-distribution (OOD) issues due to distribution shifts in the real-world data. Though many algorithms have been proposed to detect OOD data from text corpora, there is still a lack of interactive tool support for ML developers. In this work, we propose DeepLens, an interactive system that helps users detect and explore OOD issues in massive text corpora. Users can efficiently explore different OOD types in DeepLens with the help of a text clustering method. Users can also dig into a specific text by inspecting salient words highlighted through neuron activation analysis. In a within-subjects user study with 24 participants, participants using DeepLens were able to find nearly twice more types of OOD issues accurately with 22% more confidence compared with a variant of DeepLens that has no interaction or visualization support.
University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign（伊利诺伊大学厄巴纳-香槟分校）
Online data streams make training machine learning models hard because of distribution shift and new patterns emerging over time. For natural language processing (NLP) tasks that utilize a collection of features based on lexicons and rules, it is important to adapt these features to the changing data. To address this challenge we introduce PyTAIL, a python library, which allows a human in the loop approach to actively train NLP models. PyTAIL enhances generic active learning, which only suggests new instances to label by also suggesting new features like rules and lexicons to label. Furthermor…
Georgia Institute of Technology（佐治亚理工学院）；Mailchimp
As toxic language becomes nearly pervasive online, there has been increasing interest in leveraging the advancements in natural language processing (NLP), from very large transformer models to automatically detecting and removing toxic comments. Despite the fairness concerns, lack of adversarial robustness, and limited prediction explainability for deep learning systems, there is currently little work for auditing these systems and understanding how they work for both developers and users. We present our ongoing work, RECAST, an interactive tool for examining toxicity detection models by visua…
Uncharted Software Inc（未知软件公司）；University of Konstanz（康斯坦茨大学）；University of Stuttgart（斯图加特大学）；University of Maryland, BC（马里兰大学巴尔的摩县分校）；Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam（阿姆斯特丹自由大学）；IBM Research Cambridge（IBM剑桥研究院）
With a constant increase of learned parameters, modern neural language models become increasingly more powerful. Yet, explaining these complex model's behavior remains a widely unsolved problem. In this paper, we discuss the role interactive visualization can play in explaining NLP models (XNLP). We motivate the use of visualization in relation to target users and common NLP pipelines. We also present several use cases to provide concrete examples on XNLP with visualization. Finally, we point out an extensive list of research opportunities in this field.
New York University（纽约大学）；Salesforce Research（赛富时研究院）
Error analysis in NLP models is essential to successful model development and deployment. One common approach for diagnosing errors is to identify subpopulations in the dataset where the model produces the most errors. However, existing approaches typically define subpopulations based on pre-defined features, which requires users to form hypotheses of errors in advance. To complement these approaches, we propose iSEA, an Interactive Pipeline for Semantic Error Analysis in NLP Models, which automatically discovers semantically-grounded subpopulations with high error rates in the context of a hu…
Tableau Research & User Research（Tableau研究与用户研究部）；Salesforce Research（赛富时研究院）；Hugging Face（抱抱脸）
Deep learning models for natural language processing (NLP) are increasingly adopted and deployed by analysts without formal training in NLP or machine learning (ML). However, the documentation intended to convey the model's details and appropriate use is tailored primarily to individuals with ML or NLP expertise. To address this gap, we conduct a design inquiry into interactive model cards, which augment traditionally static model cards with affordances for exploring model documentation and interacting with the models themselves. Our investigation consists of an initial conceptual study with e…
With the advent of Transformers, large language models (LLMs) have saturated well-known NLP benchmarks and leaderboards with high aggregate performance. However, many times these models systematically fail on tail data or rare groups not obvious in aggregate evaluation. Identifying such problematic data groups is even more challenging when there are no explicit labels (e.g., ethnicity, gender, etc.) and further compounded for NLP datasets due to the lack of visual features to characterize failure modes (e.g., Asian males, animals indoors, waterbirds on land, etc.). This paper introduces an int…
We present MEGAnno, a novel exploratory annotation framework designed for NLP researchers and practitioners. Unlike existing labeling tools that focus on data labeling only, our framework aims to support a broader, iterative ML workflow including data exploration and model development. With MEGAnno's API, users can programmatically explore the data through sophisticated search and automated suggestion functions and incrementally update task schema as their project evolve. Combined with our widget, the users can interactively sort, filter, and assign labels to multiple items simultaneously in t…
Despite rapid developments in the field of machine learning research, collecting high-quality labels for supervised learning remains a bottleneck for many applications. This difficulty is exacerbated by the fact that state-of-the-art models for NLP tasks are becoming deeper and more complex, often increasing the amount of training data required even for fine-tuning. Weak supervision methods, including data programming, address this problem and reduce the cost of label collection by using noisy label sources for supervision. However, until recently, data programming was only accessible to users…
University of British Columbia（不列颠哥伦比亚大学）；Huawei Cananda Technologies Co. Ltd.（华为加拿大技术有限公司）
Transformers are the dominant architecture in NLP, but their training and fine-tuning is still very challenging. In this paper, we present the design and implementation of a visual analytic framework for assisting researchers in such process, by providing them with valuable insights about the model's intrinsic properties and behaviours. Our framework offers an intuitive overview that allows the user to explore different facets of the model (e.g., hidden states, attention) through interactive visualization, and allows a suite of built-in algorithms that compute the importance of model component…
IBM Research（IBM研究院）；Brown University（布朗大学）；Huggingface；Harvard SEAS（哈佛大学工程与应用科学学院）；Cornell Tech（康奈尔科技校区）
State-of-the-art neural language models can now be used to solve ad-hoc language tasks through zero-shot prompting without the need for supervised training. This approach has gained popularity in recent years, and researchers have demonstrated prompts that achieve strong accuracy on specific NLP tasks. However, finding a prompt for new tasks requires experimentation. Different prompt templates with different wording choices lead to significant accuracy differences. PromptIDE allows users to experiment with prompt variations, visualize prompt performance, and iteratively optimize prompts. We de…
University of Alberta（阿尔伯塔大学）；The University of Tokyo（东京大学）；Purdue University（普渡大学）
Recurrent Neural Networks (RNNs) have been widely used in Natural Language Processing (NLP) tasks given its superior performance on processing sequential data. However, it is challenging to interpret and debug RNNs due to the inherent complexity and the lack of transparency of RNNs. While many explainable AI (XAI) techniques have been proposed for RNNs, most of them only support local explanations rather than global explanations. In this paper, we present DeepSeer, an interactive system that provides both global and local explanations of RNN behavior in multiple tightly-coordinated views for m…
University of Washington（华盛顿大学）；Harvard University（哈佛大学）
Scientists and science journalists, among others, often need to make sense of a large number of papers and how they compare with each other in scope, focus, findings, or any other important factors. However, with a large corpus of papers, it's cognitively demanding to pairwise compare and contrast them all with each other. Fully automating this review process would be infeasible, because it often requires domain-specific knowledge, as well as understanding what the context and motivations for the review are. While there are existing tools to help with the process of organizing and annotating p…
Historians and archivists often find and analyze the occurrences of query words in newspaper archives, to help answer fundamental questions about society. But much work in text analytics focuses on helping people investigate other textual units, such as events, clusters, ranked documents, entity relationships, or thematic hierarchies. Informed by a study into the needs of historians and archivists, we thus propose ClioQuery, a text analytics system uniquely organized around the analysis of query words in context. ClioQuery applies text simplification techniques from natural language processing…
SciDaSynth: Interactive Structured Data Extraction from Scientific Literature with Large Language Model
Bosch Research North America（博世北美研究院）；Weill Cornell Medicine（威尔康奈尔医学院）；Cornell University（康奈尔大学）；Hong Kong University of Science and Technology（香港科技大学）
Human-in-the-Loop Generation of Adversarial Texts: A Case Study on Tibetan Script
Institute of National Security, Minzu University of China（中国民族大学国家安全学院）；School of Information Science and Technology, Xizang University（西藏大学信息科学与技术学院）；National Language Resource Monitoring & Research Center | Minority Languages Branch（国家语言资源监测与研究中心 | 少数民族语言分支）；The State Key Laboratory of Tibetan Intelligence（藏语智能 state key laboratory）
