压电复合材料：朝向自供电和自诊断材料的发展
Piezoelectric composite cements: Towards the development of self-powered and self-diagnostic materials
摘要：
压阻法是水泥基智能复合材料应变监测应用中最常用的传感原理。尽管如此，需要外部电功率来进行电阻率测量限制了该技术的可扩展性，特别是当在远程结构中实现时。为了解决这个问题，本文彻底分析了掺杂还原氧化石墨烯（rGO）的水泥复合材料的压电性能，并评估了它们作为自供电应变传感器的潜力。要做到这一点，一个全面的方法，包括伏安法测量，开路电位测定，和单轴压缩测试的开发，以确定电荷$d_{33}$和电压$g_{33}$的压电系数。此外，一种新的机电响应的信号处理电路模型的开发和实验验证的时间序列的输出电压，电阻，和所产生的电功率。所开发的方法适用于实验室样品制造以下两种不同的填料分散方法。所呈现的结果证明，通过超声波清洁器分散制备的样品实现了最佳性能，压电电荷系数为1122.28 $\mathrm{\pm}$ 246.67 pC/N，比文献中先前报道的复合材料大约47倍。与压阻水泥基复合材料不同，材料的固有电阻的分数变化与施加的机械应变之间存在显著的非线性相关性。相反，已发现外部施加的机械应变和产生的（压电）电功率之间存在相当大的线性（$\mathrm{R^2}=0.96$），这表明后者具有进行离网应变监测应用的巨大潜力。
英文摘要：
Piezoresistivity is the most commonly used sensing principle in cement-based smart composites for strain-monitoring applications. Nonetheless, the need for external electric power to conduct electrical resistivity measurements restricts the scalability of this technology, especially when implemented in remote structures. To address this issue, this manuscript thoroughly analyzes the piezoelectric properties of cement composites doped with reduced graphene oxide (rGO) and evaluates their potential as self-powered strain sensors. To do so, a comprehensive methodology involving voltammetry measurements, open circuit potential determination, and uniaxial compression testing is developed to determine the piezoelectric coefficients of charge $d_{33}$ and voltage $g_{33}$. Furthermore, a novel circuital model for signal processing of the electromechanical response is developed and experimentally validated in terms of time series of output voltage, resistance, and the generated electric power. The developed methodology is applied to laboratory samples manufactured following two different filler dispersion methods. The presented results evidence that samples prepared by ultrasonic cleaner dispersion achieve optimal properties, with a piezoelectric charge coefficient of 1122.28$\mathrm{\pm}$246.67 pC/N, about 47 times greater than previously reported composites in the literature. Unlike piezoresistive cement-based composites, a remarkable nonlinear correlation between the fractional change in the intrinsic resistance of the material and the applied mechanical strain has been observed. Instead, a considerable linearity ($\mathrm{R^2}=0.96$) between the externally applied mechanical strain and the generated (piezoelectric) electric power has been found, which suggests the great potential of the latter for conducting off-the-grid strain monitoring applications.
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